{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:35:27Z","timestamp":1760142927915,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University College London (UCL) New Network Technology Innovation Joint Laboratory exploratory projects"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a comprehensive set of design methods for making future Internet networking fully energy-aware and sustainably minimizing and managing the energy footprint. It includes (a) 41 energy-aware design methods, grouped into Service Operations Support, Management Operations Support, Compute Operations Support, Connectivity\/Forwarding Operations Support, Traffic Engineering Methods, Architectural Support for Energy Instrumentation, and Network Configuration; (b) energy consumption models and energy metrics are identified and specified. It specifies the requirements for energy-defined network compliance, which include energy-measurable network devices with the support of several control messages: registration, discovery, provisioning, discharge, monitoring, synchronization, flooding, performance, and pushback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T10:48:06Z","timestamp":1704797286000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Future Sustainable Internet Energy-Defined Networking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Galis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). GSMA Network Energy Consumption. Available online: https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/futurenetworks\/wiki\/energy-efficiency."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.071410.00073","article-title":"Energy efficiency in the future internet: A survey of existing approaches in energy-aware fixed network infrastructures","volume":"13","author":"Bolla","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chabarek, J., Summers, J., Barford, P., Estan, C., Tsiang, D., and Wright, S. (2008, January 13\u201318). \u201cPower\u201d wireless in network design and routing. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2008.93"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"41","article-title":"Green Wired Networks","volume":"30","author":"Cervero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley J. Large-Scale Distrib. Syst. Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Galis, A., Denazis, S., Brou, C., and Klein (2023, October 30). Programmable Networks for IP Service Deployment\u201d ISBN 1-580 3-745-6, p. 450, Artech House Books. Available online: http:\/\/www.artechhouse.com\/International\/Books\/Programmable-Networks-for-IP-Service-D\u201dployment-10\u201d7.aspx."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). ISO\/IEC JTC 1\/SC 39 Sustainability for and by Information Technology. Available online: http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/standards_development\/technical_committees\/other_bodies\/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=654019."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). Standards and Projects under the Direct Responsibility of ISO\/IEC JTC 1\/SC 39 Secretariat. Available online: http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/home\/store\/catalogue_tc\/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=654019&development=on."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). ETSI GS OEU 001; Operational Energy Efficiency for Users (OEU), Technical Global KPIs for Data Centres. Available online: http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_gs\/OEU\/001_099\/001\/01.02.02_60\/gs_oeu001v010202p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). ITU-T Recommendation Y.3021. Framework of Energy Saving for Future Networks. Available online: http:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-Y.3021\/en."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). ITU-T Focus Group on Future Networks. Available online: http:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-T\/focusgroups\/fn\/Pages\/Default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). BSC DC Specialist Group. Available online: http:\/\/dcsg.bcs.org."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). BSC Data Centre Energy. Available online: http:\/\/dcsg.bcs.org\/sites\/default\/files\/protected\/data-centre-energy.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). GreenIT Webpag. Available online: http:\/\/www.greenit.net\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). The Green Grid, PUE: A Comprehensive Examination of the Metric. Available online: http:\/\/www.thegreengrid.org\/en\/Global\/Content\/white-papers\/WP49-PUEAComprehensiveExaminationoftheMetric."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). Green IT Promotion Council, New Metrics for Data Center Energy Efficiency. Available online: http:\/\/home.jeita.or.jp\/greenit-pc\/topics\/release\/pdf\/dppe_e_20120824.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). The Green Grid, WP#29-ERE: A Metric for Measuring the Benefit of Reuse Energy from a Data Center. Available online: http:\/\/www.thegreengrid.org\/en\/Global\/Content\/white-papers\/ERE#sthash.siFnYQfj.dpuf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.111.2100322","article-title":"Zero-touch ai-driven distributed management for energy-efficient 6G massive network slicing","volume":"35","author":"Chergui","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francois, F., Wang, N., Moessner, K., and Georgoulas, S. (2012, January 16\u201320). Optimization for the time-driven link\u2019s seeping re configurations in ISP backbone networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS.2012.6211902"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Charalambides, M., Tuncer, D., and Mamatas, L. (2013, January 27\u201331). Energy-aware adaptive network resource management. Proceedings of the IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM), Ghent, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Chen, C., Barrera, D., and Perrig, A. (2006, January 1\u20133). Modelling data-plane power consumption of future Internet architectures. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.111.2001195","article-title":"An Efficient Algorithm for Fast Service Edge Selection in Cloud-Based Telco Networks","volume":"59","author":"Baliosian","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3127531","article-title":"Autonomous Lifecycle Management for Resource-efficient Workload Orchestration for Green Edge Computing","volume":"6","author":"Guim","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3100622","article-title":"Green AI for IIoT: Energy-Efficient Intelligent Edge Computing for Industrial Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"24","article-title":"Achieving autonomous power management using reinforcement learning","volume":"18","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Design Autom. Electr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayala-Romero, J.A., Garcia-Saavedra, A., Costa-Perez, X., and Iosifidis, G. (2021, January 10\u201313). Bayesian online learning for energy-aware resource orchestration in virtualized RANs. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488845"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). ETSI Green Abstraction Layer. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_es\/203200_203299\/203237\/01.01.01_60\/es_203237v010101p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). ETSI NFV. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_gs\/nfv\/001_099\/002\/01.02.01_60\/gs_nfv002v010201p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). SCALABLE Network, Whitepaper Creation of Network Digital Twins, SCALABLE Network Technologies, May 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.scalable-networks.com\/white-papers\/automated-creation-of-network-digital-twins\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Masoudi, M. (2022). \u201cData\u201d Data Driven AI Assisted Green Network Design and Management. [Ph.D. Thesis, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology]. Available online: http:\/\/kth.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:1626735\/FULLTEXT01.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.21143","article-title":"Digital-twin-enabled 6G: Vision, architectural trends, and future directions","volume":"60","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Comm. Mag."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Tariq, M., Naeem, F., and Poor, H.V. (2022). \u201cToward experience-driven traffic managemen\u201d and orchestration in digital-twin-enabled 6G networks. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0001.2000041","article-title":"Networked twins and twins of networks: An overview on the relationship between digital twins and 6G","volume":"5","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Comm. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). REST APIs. Available online: https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc9205.html."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Minas, L., and Ellison, B. (2009). Energy Efficiency for Information Technology: How to Reduce Power Consumption in Servers and Data Centers, Intel Press."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). Emerson Network Power, White Paper. Energy Logic: Reducing Data Center Energy Consumption by Creating Savings That Cascade Across Systems. Available online: https:\/\/uk.insight.com\/content\/dam\/insight\/EMEA\/uk\/shop\/emerson\/energy-logic.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385512-1.00003-7","article-title":"A Taxonomy and Survey of Energy-Efficient Data Centers","volume":"82","author":"Beloglazov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Le Sueur, E., and Heiser, G. (2010, January 7). Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling: The laws of diminishing returns. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Power Aware Computing and Systems, Ser. HotPower\u201910, Berkeley, CA, USA. Available online: http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1924920.1924921."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burd, T., and Brodersen, R. (1995, January 3\u20136). Energy efficient cmos microprocessor design. Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Wailea, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.1995.375385"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warkozek, G., Drayer, E., Debusschere, V., and Bacha, S. (2012, January 19\u201321). A new approach to the model energy consumption of servers in Data Centers. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2012.6209940"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2013.6678925","article-title":"Greening the cloud using renewable-energy-aware service migration","volume":"27","author":"Mandal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"17","article-title":"Elastictree: Saving energy in data centre networks","volume":"10","author":"Heller","year":"2020","journal-title":"USENIX NSDI"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wang, X., Yao, Y., Wang, X., Lu, K., and Carpo, Q.C. (2023, October 30). Correlation-Aware Power Optimization in Data Centre Networks. Available online: http:\/\/pacs.ece.utk.edu\/trcarpo.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). US Department of Energy. Available online: http:\/\/www.doe2.com."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). EnergySoft Website. Available online: http:\/\/www.energysoft.com\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). eQUEST Webpage. Available online: http:\/\/www.doe2.com\/equest\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). Data Centre. Available online: http:\/\/www.pge.com\/includes\/docs\/pdfs\/mybusiness\/energysavingsrebates\/incentivesbyindustry\/hightech\/data_center_baseline.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2012.2212898","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Datacenters","volume":"31","author":"Pedram","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Moore, J., Chase, J., Ranganathan, P., and Sharma, R. (2005, January 10\u201315). Making scheduling \u201ccool\u201d: Temperature-aware workload placement in data centres. Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference, General Track 2005, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.140102","article-title":"GreenDCN: A General Framework for Achieving Energy Efficiency in Data Center Networks","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). CoolEmAll Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.coolemall.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2023, October 30). XML & JSON. Available online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/html\/rfc7807."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemm, A., Westphal, C., Tantsura, J., Ciavaglia, L., and Odini, M.-P. (2023, October 30). Challenges and Opportunities in Management for Green Networking. Available online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/draft-irtf-nmrg-green-ps\/.","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSoft54395.2022.9844020"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3036826","article-title":"Segment Routing: A Comprehensive Survey of Research Activities, Standardization Efforts, and Implementation Results","volume":"23","author":"Ventre","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpa, R., Glick, O., and Lefevre, L. (2014, January 14\u201317). Segment Routing based Traffic Engineering for Energy Efficient Backbone Networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommuncations Systems, (ANTS), New Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTS.2014.7057272"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghuman, K.S., and Nayak, A. (2017, January 3\u20135). Per-packet based energy aware segment routing approach for Data Center Networks with SDN. Proceedings of the 2017 24th International Conference on Telecommunications, Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICT.2017.7998240"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatzianas, M., Mesodiakaki, A., Kalfas, G., and Pleros, N. (2021, January 7\u201311). Energy-efficient joint computational and network resource planning in Beyond 5G networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112210547"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tipantu\u00f1a, C., and Hesselbach, X. (2020). Adaptive energy management in 5G network slicing: Requirements, architecture, and strategies. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13153984"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/16\/1\/23\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:43:02Z","timestamp":1760103782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/16\/1\/23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["fi16010023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi16010023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}}}