{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:07:01Z","timestamp":1781885221960,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","award":["2021GXNSFAA220010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GXNSFAA220010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has opened the way for transformative advances in numerous fields, including healthcare. IoT-based healthcare systems provide unprecedented opportunities to gather patients\u2019 real-time data and make appropriate decisions at the right time. Yet, the deployed sensors generate normal readings most of the time, which are transmitted to Cluster Heads (CHs). Handling these voluminous duplicated data is quite challenging. The existing techniques have high energy consumption, storage costs, and communication costs. To overcome these problems, in this paper, an innovative Energy-Efficient Fuzzy Data Aggregation System (EE-FDAS) has been presented. In it, at the first level, it is checked that sensors either generate normal or critical readings. In the first case, readings are converted to Boolean digit 0. This reduced data size takes only 1 digit which considerably reduces energy consumption. In the second scenario, sensors generating irregular readings are transmitted in their original 16 or 32-bit form. Then, data are aggregated and transmitted to respective CHs. Afterwards, these data are further transmitted to Fog servers, from where doctors have access. Lastly, for later usage, data are stored in the cloud server. For checking the proficiency of the proposed EE-FDAS scheme, extensive simulations are performed using NS-2.35. The results showed that EE-FDAS has performed well in terms of aggregation factor, energy consumption, packet drop rate, communication, and storage cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16020066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T07:50:26Z","timestamp":1708415426000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Energy-Efficient De-Duplication Mechanism for Healthcare Data Aggregation in IoT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1742-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Nafees Ulfat","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3811-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiling","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ata","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanghua","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing, School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, Y., Chen, H., Yan, L., and Zhou, X. 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