{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:47:00Z","timestamp":1792601220482,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The convergence of cyber and physical systems through cyber\u2013physical systems (CPSs) has been integrated into cyber\u2013physical production systems (CPPSs), leading to a paradigm shift toward intelligent manufacturing. Despite the transformative benefits that CPPS provides, its increased connectivity exposes manufacturers to cyber-attacks through exploitable vulnerabilities. This paper presents a novel approach to CPPS security protection by leveraging digital twin (DT) technology to develop a comprehensive security model. This model enhances asset visibility and supports prioritization in mitigating vulnerable components through DT-based virtual tuning, providing quantitative assessment results for effective mitigation. Our proposed DT security model also serves as an advanced simulation environment, facilitating the evaluation of CPPS vulnerabilities across diverse attack scenarios without disrupting physical operations. The practicality and effectiveness of our approach are illustrated through its application in a human\u2013robot collaborative assembly system, demonstrating the potential of DT technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16040134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T07:54:36Z","timestamp":1713340476000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Leveraging Digital Twin Technology for Enhanced Cybersecurity in Cyber\u2013Physical Production Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4791-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1781-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and Automation Engineering, University of Sk\u00f6vde, 541 28 Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8927-0968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business, Computing and Digital Industries, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9581-4215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanguo","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business, Computing and Digital Industries, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2016.06.005","article-title":"Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing","volume":"65","author":"Monostori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cirp Ann."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1938","article-title":"A brief study of wannacry threat: Ransomware attack 2017","volume":"8","author":"Mohurle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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