{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:05:26Z","timestamp":1776132326906,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Computer Science and Informatics Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, UK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the world braces for an era of ubiquitous and seamless connectivity, hybrid beamforming stands out as a beacon guiding the evolutionary path of wireless communication technologies. Several hybrid beamforming technologies are explored for millimeter-wave multiple-input multi-output (MIMO) communication. The aim is to provide a roadmap for hybrid beamforming that enhances wireless fidelity. In this systematic review, a detailed literature review of algorithms\/techniques used in hybrid beamforming along with performance metrics, characteristics, limitations, as well as performance evaluations are provided to enable communication compatible with modern Wireless Intelligent Transport Systems (WITSs). Further, an in-depth analysis of the mmWave hybrid beamforming landscape is provided based on user, link, band, scattering, structure, duplex, carrier, network, applications, codebook, and reflecting intelligent surfaces to optimize system design and performance across diversified user scenarios. Furthermore, the current research trends for hybrid beamforming are provided to enable the development of advanced wireless communication systems with optimized performance and efficiency. Finally, challenges, solutions, and future research directions are provided so that this systematic review can serve as a touchstone for academics and industry professionals alike. The systematic review aims to equip researchers with a deep understanding of the current state of the art and thereby enable the development of next-generation communication in WITSs that are not only adept at coping with contemporary demands but are also future-proofed to assimilate upcoming trends and innovations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16090337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1726484217000},"page":"337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Review on Millimeter-Wave Hybrid Beamforming for Wireless Intelligent Transport Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Waleed","family":"Shahjehan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar P.O. Box 814 KPK, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajkumar Singh","family":"Rathore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Technologies, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK"}]},{"given":"Syed Waqar","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar P.O. Box 814 KPK, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9486-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Aljaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5746-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Safaa","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omprakash","family":"Kaiwartya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K.-M., Pan, Y.-H., and Lee, T.-S. 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