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(HORIZONMSCA-2022-DN-01)","award":["101073465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101073465"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the design and development of a flexible hyper-distributed IoT\u2013Edge\u2013Cloud computing platform for real-time Digital Twins in real logistics and industrial environments, intended as a novel living lab and testbed for future 6G applications. It expands the limited capabilities of IoT devices with extended Cloud and Edge computing functionalities, creating an IoT\u2013Edge\u2013Cloud continuum platform composed of multiple stakeholder solutions, in which vertical application developers can take full advantage of the computing resources of the infrastructure. The platform is built together with a private 5G network to connect machines and sensors on a large scale. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are used to allocate computing resources for real-time services by an end-to-end intelligent orchestrator, and real-time distributed analytic tools leverage Edge computing platforms to support different types of Digital Twin applications for logistics and industry, such as immersive remote driving, with specific characteristics and features. Performance evaluations demonstrated the platform\u2019s capability to support the high-throughput communications required for Digital Twins, achieving user-experienced rates close to the maximum theoretical values, up to 552 Mb\/s for the downlink and 87.3 Mb\/s for the uplink in the n78 frequency band. Moreover, the platform\u2019s support for Digital Twins was validated via QoE assessments conducted on an immersive remote driving prototype, which demonstrated high levels of user satisfaction in key dimensions such as presence, engagement, control, sensory integration, and cognitive load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16110431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T09:14:38Z","timestamp":1732094078000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Flexible Hyper-Distributed IoT\u2013Edge\u2013Cloud Platform for Real-Time Digital Twin Applications on 6G-Intended Testbeds for Logistics and Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6311-8876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Crespo-Aguado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6014-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Hernandez-Gobertti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1711-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria","family":"Molner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gomez-Barquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160004","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3130030","article-title":"6G Vision, Value, Use Cases and Technologies From European 6G Flagship Project Hexa-X","volume":"9","author":"Uusitalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57063","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2981745","article-title":"Communications in the 6G Era","volume":"8","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3249835","article-title":"On the Road to 6G: Visions, Requirements, Key Technologies, and Testbeds","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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