{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:25:20Z","timestamp":1770899120578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BARCELONA Supercomputing Center (TIFON)"},{"name":"Convocatoria de Ayudas para Iberoamericanos en Estudios de Doctorado from Universidad de Zaragoza and Santander Universidades"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a comprehensive framework for integrating data-driven approaches into policy analysis and intervention strategies. The methodology is structured around five critical components: data collection, historical analysis, policy impact assessment, predictive modeling, and intervention design. Leveraging data-driven approaches capabilities, the line of work enables advanced multilingual data processing, advanced statistics in population trends, evaluation of policy outcomes, and the development of evidence-based interventions. A key focus is on the theoretical integration of social order mechanisms, including communication modes as institutional structures, token optimization as an efficiency mechanism, and institutional memory adaptation. A mixed methods approach was used that included sophisticated visualization techniques and use cases in the hospitality sector, in global food security, and in educational development. The framework demonstrates its capacity to inform government and industry policies by leveraging statistics, visualization, and AI-driven decision support. We introduce the concept of \u201cinstitutional intelligence\u201d\u2014the synergistic integration of human expertise, AI capabilities, and institutional theory\u2014to create adaptive yet stable policy-making systems. This research highlights the transformative potential of data-driven approaches combined with large language models in supporting sustainable and inclusive policy-making processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17030096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:53:39Z","timestamp":1740027219000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Institutional Theory Framework for Leveraging Large Language Models for Policy Analysis and Intervention Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8334-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"de Curt\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Applications in Science & Engineering, BARCELONA Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda (ICAI), Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Estudis d\u2019Inform\u00e0tica, Multim\u00e8dia i Telecomunicaci\u00f3, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5844-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"de Zarz\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estudis d\u2019Inform\u00e0tica, Multim\u00e8dia i Telecomunicaci\u00f3, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica e Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Fervier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Sociolog\u00eda, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3957-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Sanagust\u00edn-Fons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Sociolog\u00eda, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5729-3041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos T.","family":"Calafate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica de Sistemas y Computadores, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brown, T., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J.D., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., and Askell, A. (2020, January 6\u201312). Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Online."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Zarz\u00e0, I., de Curt\u00f2, J., Roig, G., Manzoni, P., and Calafate, C.T. (2023). Emergent Cooperation and Strategy Adaptation in Multi-Agent Systems: An Extended Coevolutionary Theory with LLMs. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12122722"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A.N., Kaiser, \u0141., and Polosukhin, I. (2017, January 4\u20139). Attention is all you need. Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Long Beach, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1177\/08969205241232411","article-title":"Unpacking Social Order: Toward a Novel Framework That Goes Beyond Organizations, Institutions, and Networks","volume":"50","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2307\/2950710","article-title":"When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change","volume":"45","author":"Pierson","year":"1993","journal-title":"World Politics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/13501760802662698","article-title":"Sequencing in public policy: The evolution of the CAP over a decade","volume":"16","author":"Daugbjerg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eur. Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1017\/S0143814X09990158","article-title":"Process sequencing policy dynamics: Beyond homeostasis and path dependency","volume":"29","author":"Howlett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/psj.12092","article-title":"What can causal process tracing offer to policy studies? A review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Kay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Policy Stud. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-1338.1987.tb00761.x","article-title":"A design perspective on policy implementation: The fallacies of misplaced prescription","volume":"6","author":"Linder","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev. Policy Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"87","article-title":"\u00bfEl marco de dise\u00f1o de pol\u00edticas o dise\u00f1ando un marco para el an\u00e1lisis de pol\u00edticas?","volume":"36","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cuad. Cendes"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.15446\/cp.v14n28.82651","article-title":"Policy Problems and Policy Design. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar","volume":"14","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cienc. Pol\u00edtica"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Alison, G.T. (1992). Modelos conceptuales y la crisis de los misiles cubanos. La Hechura de las Pol\u00edticas, Grupo Editorial Porrua."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Lindblom, C. (1991). El Proceso de Elaboraci\u00f3n de Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas, Grupo Editorial Miguel \u00c1ngel Porr\u00faa. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.24275\/uam\/azc\/dcsh\/gye\/2009n35\/Morton","article-title":"Decisions and not decisions: An analytical framework","volume":"35","author":"Bachrach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gesti\u00f3n Estrateg."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Halbwachs, M. (2020). On Collective Memory, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0143814X00006851","article-title":"Systematically pinching ideas: A comparative approach to policy design","volume":"8","author":"Schneider","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.640","article-title":"Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance","volume":"28","author":"Teece","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0266(200010\/11)21:10\/11<1105::AID-SMJ133>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Dynamic capabilities: What are they?","volume":"21","author":"Eisenhardt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/1350508410376256","article-title":"Organization Outside Organizations: The Significance of Partial Organization","volume":"18","author":"Ahrne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organization"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Luhmann, N. (1998). Sistemas Sociales: Lineamientos para una Teor\u00eda General, Antrophos Editorial."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1108\/S0733-558X20220000079010","article-title":"From a Clash of Social Orders to a Loss of Decidability in Meta-Organizations Tackling Grand Challenges: The Case of Japan Leaving the International Whaling Commission","volume":"79","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Sociol. Organ."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Scartascini, C., Spiller, P., Stein, E., and Tommasi, M. (2010). El Juego Pol\u00edtico en Am\u00e9rica Latina: \u00bfC\u00f3mo se Deciden las Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas?, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1360(200001\/05)9:1\/3<11::AID-MCDA264>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Policy analysis: A systematic approach to supporting policymaking in the public sector","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. -Multi-Criteria Decis. Anal."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-022-00672-9","article-title":"A systematic review of technologies and standards used in the development of rule-based clinical decision support systems","volume":"12","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-022-00730-3","article-title":"Supply-side cost-effectiveness thresholds: Questions for evidence-based policy","volume":"20","author":"Sampson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/polp.12543","article-title":"Evidence-based policies: Lessons from regulatory science","volume":"51","year":"2023","journal-title":"Politics Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1080\/13501763.2023.2193223","article-title":"Mapping the discourse on evidence-based policy, artificial intelligence, and the ethical practice of policy analysis","volume":"30","author":"Newman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"268","article-title":"AI-Driven Decision Support Systems in Management: Enhancing Strategic Planning and Execution","volume":"12","author":"Narne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Innov. Trends Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3604570","article-title":"The End of the Policy Analyst? Testing the Capability of Artificial Intelligence to Generate Plausible, Persuasive, and Useful Policy Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Safaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digit. Gov. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03288-w","article-title":"Revolutionary potential of ChatGPT in constructing intelligent clinical decision support systems","volume":"52","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.08.031","article-title":"Rural tourism: A sustainable alternative","volume":"88","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.11.126","article-title":"Hotel booking demand datasets","volume":"22","author":"Antonio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Kipf, T.N., and Welling, M. (2017). Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Veli\u010dkovi\u0107, P., Cucurull, G., Casanova, A., Romero, A., Li\u00f2, P., and Bengio, Y. (2018). Graph Attention Networks. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40649-019-0069-y","article-title":"Graph convolutional networks: A comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"91","article-title":"Optimized Financial Planning: Integrating Individual and Cooperative Budgeting Models with LLM Recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Roig","year":"2024","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Bansal, G., Wortman Vaughan, J., Amershi, S., Horvitz, E., Fourney, A., Mozannar, H., Dibia, V., and Weld, D.S. (2024). Challenges in Human-Agent Communication, Microsoft. Technical Report MSR-TR-2024-53."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/3\/96\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:38:37Z","timestamp":1760027917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/3\/96"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["fi17030096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi17030096","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]}}}