{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:00:28Z","timestamp":1760058028202,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For occupant safety in vehicular networks, emergency messages derived from vehicular incidents should be exchanged only during their validity period and in zones containing involved entities. Problems arise for mobile entities in vehicular networks that change their location over time, where data may be further communicated in out-of-context space and time. Current solutions extend from the naive assumption of notifying every entity in the network about emergencies with data flooding and clusters and by means of specific communication only in the affected zones\u2014geo-routing\u2014of incidents\u2019 relative data. However, delivering useless data to uninvolved entities results in wasted resources and more overheads in the former cases and the work of obtaining knowledge and secondary site services from neighbors in the latter. In this paper, we propose that the common task of disseminating emergency messages for occupant safety among entities should only be communicated only where and when useful, namely, if spatio-temporal constraints apply regarding those incidents. Our solution is inspired by the communication of working social insects that exchange data through pheromones regardless of closeness or knowledge among colony members for food retrieval. The results show that communication based on space\u2013time constraints makes better use of resources than other solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17030117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1741236908000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emergency Messaging System for Urban Vehicular Networks Inspired by Social Insects\u2019 Stigmergic Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3774-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ojilvie","family":"Avila-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, Tonantzintla 72840, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-1687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00fal E. Pomares","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, Tonantzintla 72840, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"P\u00e9rez-Sansalvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, Tonantzintla 72840, Mexico"},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n, formerly Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (SECIHTI), Mexico City 03940, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1515-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lil Mar\u00eda Xibai","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Astrof\u00edsica, \u00d3ptica y Electr\u00f3nica, Tonantzintla 72840, Mexico"},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n, formerly Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (SECIHTI), Mexico City 03940, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1145\/2817552","article-title":"How close are we to realizing a pragmatic VANET solution? A meta-survey","volume":"48","author":"Saini","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38606","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975110","article-title":"Emergency message dissemination in vehicular networks: A review","volume":"8","author":"Ghazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasheed, A., Gillani, S., Ajmal, S., and Qayyum, A. (2017). Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET): A survey, challenges, and applications. Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks for Smart Cities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3503-6_4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2016.7437024","article-title":"A performance comparison of delay-tolerant network routing protocols","volume":"30","author":"Abdelkader","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, G.U., Ghani, A., Muhammad, S., Singh, M., and Singh, D. (2020). Selfishness in vehicular delay-tolerant networks: A review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20103000"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175205","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3025212","article-title":"RBO-EM: Reduced broadcast overhead scheme for emergency message dissemination in VANETs","volume":"8","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, S., Abbas, G., Waqas, M., Abbas, Z.H., Tu, S., and Hameed, I.A. (2021). EEMDS: An effective emergency message dissemination scheme for urban VANETs. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051588"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measen.2021.100051","article-title":"Comparative analysis of proactive and reactive routing protocols in VANET environment","volume":"16","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meas. Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2009.10.024","article-title":"A survey on bio-inspired networking","volume":"54","author":"Dressler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"C\u00e2mara, D. (2015). Bio-Inspired Networking, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107930","article-title":"6G networks: Beyond Shannon towards semantic and goal-oriented communications","volume":"190","author":"Strinati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostaani, A., Vu, T.X., Sharma, S.K., Liao, Q., and Chatzinotas, S. (2021). Task-oriented Communication System Design in Cyber-Physical Systems: A Survey on Theory and Applications. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3231039"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khlif, H., Kacem, H.H., Hernandez, S.P., and Avila-Cort\u00e9s, O. (2023, January 9\u201312). Spatio-temporal Behavior in Cyber-Physical Systems from a Natural Phenomena Perspective. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Gammarth, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC58397.2023.10217914"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khlif, H., Kacem, H.H., Avila-Cort\u00e9s, O., Hernandez, S.P., P\u00e9rez-Sansalvador, J.C., and Rodr\u00edguez-Henr\u00edquez, L.M. (2023, January 14\u201316). Unraveling Spatio-Temporal Behavior in Collaborative Cyber-Physical Systems Inspired by Social Insects. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WETICE), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/WETICE57085.2023.10477822"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2012\/v5i2.9","article-title":"A hybrid Intrusion Detection by game theory approaches in MANET","volume":"5","author":"Rafsanjani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"832","article-title":"A survey on MANETs: Architecture, evolution, applications, security issues and solutions","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-shareeda, M.A., Alazzawi, M.A., Anbar, M., Manickam, S., and Al-Ani, A.K. (2021, January 25\u201326). A comprehensive survey on Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs). Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Advanced Computer Applications (ACA), Maysan, Iraq.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACA52198.2021.9626779"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12360","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2782881","article-title":"Mobile cyber physical systems: Current challenges and future networking applications","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, G., Abbas, Z.H., Haider, S., Baker, T., Boudjit, S., and Muhammad, F. (2019). PDMAC: A priority-based enhanced TDMA protocol for warning message dissemination in VANETs. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010045"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.024","article-title":"MCA-V2I: A multi-hop clustering approach over vehicle-to-internet communication for improving VANETs performances","volume":"96","author":"Senouci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-019-01253-x","article-title":"Congestion avoidance through fog computing in internet of vehicles","volume":"10","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3897","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3897","article-title":"Cluster-based emergency message dissemination strategy for VANET using V2V communication","volume":"32","author":"Benkerdagh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSC.1968.300136","article-title":"A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths","volume":"4","author":"Hart","year":"1968","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22342","DOI":"10.3390\/s141222342","article-title":"Performance improvement in geographic routing for vehicular Ad Hoc networks","volume":"14","author":"Kaiwartya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2016.0241","article-title":"Location error resilient geographical routing for vehicular ad-hoc networks","volume":"11","author":"Kasana","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3662552","article-title":"A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems","volume":"82","author":"Kalman","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Basic Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaiwartya, O., and Kumar, S. (2014, January 16\u201317). Geocasting in vehicular adhoc networks using particle swarm optimization. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems and Design of Communication, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1145\/2618168.2618178"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.12720\/jcm.15.9.676-686","article-title":"Decreasing Traffic Congestion in VANETs Using an Improved Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Khoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8682","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2841348","article-title":"TMED: A spider-Web-like transmission mechanism for emergency data in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"67","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3869","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3869","article-title":"A stable and reliable data dissemination scheme based on intelligent forwarding in VANETs","volume":"32","author":"Chahal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16494","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2895114","article-title":"Time barrier-based emergency message dissemination in vehicular ad-hoc networks","volume":"7","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2010.5450660","article-title":"DV-CAST: A distributed vehicular broadcast protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"17","author":"Tonguz","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boumerdassi, S., and Renault, E. (2016, January 22\u201327). A flooding-based solution to improve location services in VANETs. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2016.7511575"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husnain, G., Anwar, S., Sikander, G., Ali, A., and Lim, S. (2023). A bio-inspired cluster optimization schema for efficient routing in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16031456"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yogarayan, S., Razak, S.F.A., Azman, A., Abdullah, M.F.A., Ibrahim, S.Z., and Raman, K.J. (2020, January 24\u201326). A review of routing protocols for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Proceedings of the 2020 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoICT49345.2020.9166174"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ross, K.W., and Kurose, J.F. (2012). Computer Networking, Pearson Education."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2307\/143141","article-title":"A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region","volume":"46","author":"Tobler","year":"1970","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott, M. (2006). Stigmergic collaboration: The evolution of group work: Introduction. M\/C J., 9.","DOI":"10.5204\/mcj.2599"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xeros, A., Saeed, T., Lestas, M., Andreou, M., Silva, C.M., and Pitsillides, A. (2020). Adaptive probabilistic flooding for information hovering in VANETs. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan9020029"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"914","article-title":"CRM-Mitigating Flooding in VANET through Controlled Rebroadcasting Mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Mawlood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qalaai Zanist J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4402","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4402","article-title":"Survey on vehicular ad hoc networks clustering algorithms: Overview, taxonomy, challenges, and open research issues","volume":"33","author":"Senouci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2617","article-title":"A robust emergency messages routing scheme for urban VANETs","volume":"72","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"CMC-Comput. Mater. Contin"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, B., Ibrahim, M., and Bikas, M.A.N. (2012). Vanet routing protocols: Pros and cons. arXiv.","DOI":"10.5120\/2413-3224"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shankar, A., Dayalan, R., Chakraborty, C., Dhasarathan, C., and Kumar, M. (2022). A modified social spider algorithm for an efficient data dissemination in VANET. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 1\u201344.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-021-01994-w"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"113","article-title":"GatcomSUMO: A Graphical Tool for VANET Simulations Using SUMO and OMNeT++","volume":"Volume 31","author":"Malumbres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the the SUMO User Conference 2017 (SUMO2017)"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez, P.A., Behrisch, M., Bieker-Walz, L., Erdmann, J., Fl\u00f6tter\u00f6d, Y.P., Hilbrich, R., L\u00fccken, L., Rummel, J., Wagner, P., and Wie\u00dfner, E. (2018, January 4\u20137). Microscopic Traffic Simulation using SUMO. Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569938"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/3\/117\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:48:08Z","timestamp":1760028488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/3\/117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["fi17030117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi17030117","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]}}}