{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T16:26:49Z","timestamp":1775924809008,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The convergence of Virtual Reality (VR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) offers transformative potential across numerous sectors. However, existing studies often examine these technologies independently or in limited pairings, which overlooks the synergistic possibilities of their combined usage. This systematic review adheres to the PRISMA guidelines in order to critically analyze peer-reviewed literature from highly recognized academic databases related to the intersection of VR, AI, and IoT, and identify application domains, methodologies, tools, and key challenges. By focusing on real-life implementations and working prototypes, this review highlights state-of-the-art advancements and uncovers gaps that hinder practical adoption, such as data collection issues, interoperability barriers, and user experience challenges. The findings reveal that digital twins (DTs), AIoT systems, and immersive XR environments are promising as emerging technologies (ET), but require further development to achieve scalability and real-world impact, while in certain fields a limited amount of research is conducted until now. This review bridges theory and practice, providing a targeted foundation for future interdisciplinary research aimed at advancing practical, scalable solutions across domains such as healthcare, smart cities, industry, education, cultural heritage, and beyond. The study found that the integration of VR, AI, and IoT holds significant potential across various domains, with DTs, IoT systems, and immersive XR environments showing promising applications, but challenges such as data interoperability, user experience limitations, and scalability barriers hinder widespread adoption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17040163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T20:43:17Z","timestamp":1745440997000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A Systematic Review on the Combination of VR, IoT and AI Technologies, and Their Integration in Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6356-1946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Kostadimas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4048-6047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlasios","family":"Kasapakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7838-9691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Kotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, U., Son, H., and Han, K. (2023, January 12\u201315). Developing a Realistic VR Interface to Recreate a Full-body Immersive Fire Scene Experience. Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH Asia 2023 Posters Conference, Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3610542.3626117"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2023.06.001","article-title":"A framework study on the use of immersive XR technologies in the cultural heritage domain","volume":"62","author":"Innocente","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, M., Khan, A., Khan, M., Saad, M., El Saddik, A., and Gueaieb, W. (2023, January 24\u201327). Gaming-Based Education System for Children on Road Safety in Metaverse Towards Smart Cities. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISC257844.2023.10293623"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1580750","article-title":"Study on enhancing AIoT computational thinking skills by plot image-based VR","volume":"29","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1109\/TG.2021.3057288","article-title":"An Empirical Study of Trends of Popular Virtual Reality Games and Their Complaints","volume":"13","author":"Epp","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Games"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranjo, J.E., Sanchez, D.G., Robalino-Lopez, A., Robalino-Lopez, P., Alarcon-Ortiz, A., and Garcia, M.V. (2020). A Scoping Review on Virtual Reality-Based Industrial Training. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10228224"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"212","article-title":"Towards a solution to create, test and publish mixed reality experiences for occupational safety and health learning: Training-MR","volume":"7","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Multimed. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000316","article-title":"Recent Advances in Virtual Reality and Psychology: Introduction to the Special Issue","volume":"7","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Issues Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Maslej, N., Fattorini, L., Perrault, R., Parli, V., Reuel, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Etchemendy, J., Ligett, K., Lyons, T., and Manyika, J. (2025, January 25). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024 Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. Available online: https:\/\/hai-production.s3.amazonaws.com\/files\/hai_ai-index-report-2024-smaller2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Manoharan, S., Tugui, A., and Baig, Z. Autonomous Human Computer Interaction System in Windows Environment Using YOLO and LLM. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.13522","article-title":"Conversational and generative artificial intelligence and human\u2013chatbot interaction in education and research","volume":"32","author":"Akpan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"827","article-title":"Study and analysis of chat GPT and its impact on different fields of study","volume":"8","author":"Kalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiners, D., Davahli, M.R., Karwowski, W., and Cruz-Neira, C. (2021). The Combination of Artificial Intelligence and Extended Reality: A Systematic Review. Front. Virtual Real., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.721933"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2024.103905","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) for smart agriculture: A review of architectures, technologies and solutions","volume":"228","author":"Muhammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102970","article-title":"Virtual reality: A survey of enabling technologies and its applications in IoT","volume":"178","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spinass\u00e9, R.; Giesen Ludke, G.; Ruy Soares Gaudio, M.; Iglesias Rocha Gomes, G.; Guio Cotini, L.; da Silva Vargens, D.; Queiroz Schimidt, M.; et al. Virtual Reality Solutions Employing Artificial Intelligence Methods: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"55","author":"Antonio","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adli, H.K., Remli, M.A., Wan Salihin Wong, K.N.S., Ismail, N.A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Briones, A., Corchado, J.M., and Mohamad, M.S. (2023). Recent Advancements and Challenges of AIoT Application in Smart Agriculture: A Review. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073752"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2238353","article-title":"Reshaping Tourist Experience with AI-Enabled Technologies: A Comprehensive Review and Future Research Agenda","volume":"40","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00501-5","article-title":"Materials and devices for immersive virtual reality","volume":"7","author":"Pyun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baashar, Y., Alkawsi, G., Wan Ahmad, W.N., Alomari, M.A., Alhussian, H., and Tiong, S.K. (2023). Towards Wearable Augmented Reality in Healthcare: A Comparative Survey and Analysis of Head-Mounted Displays. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20053940"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00492-0","article-title":"Virtual, mixed, and augmented reality: A systematic review for immersive systems research","volume":"25","author":"Liberatore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"100532","article-title":"Analyzing augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) recent development in education","volume":"8","author":"Jaboob","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Humanit. Open"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velazquez-Pimentel, D., Hurkxkens, T., and Nehme, J. (2020). A Virtual Reality for the Digital Surgeon. Digital Surgery, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49100-0_14"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2024.01.006","article-title":"Advanced liver surgery training in collaborative VR environments","volume":"119","author":"Chheang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-15986-7","article-title":"How personalized and effective is immersive virtual reality in education? A systematic literature review for the last decade","volume":"83","author":"Marougkas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Thomas, A. (2025, January 25). Virtual Reality (VR)\u2014Statistics & Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/2532\/virtual-reality-vr\/."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00749-4","article-title":"Acceptance and use of virtual reality games: An extension of HMSAM","volume":"27","author":"Kari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Weinstein, L., Chardonnet, J.R., and Merienne, F. (2020). Cybersickness and the perception of latency in immersive virtual reality. Front. Virtual Real., 1."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatami, M., Qu, Q., Chen, Y., Kholidy, H., Blasch, E., and Ardiles-Cruz, E. (2024). A Survey of the Real-Time Metaverse: Challenges and Opportunities. Future Internet, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202409.0889.v2"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamad, A., and Jia, B. (2022). How Virtual Reality Technology Has Changed Our Lives: An Overview of the Current and Potential Applications and Limitations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811278"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Chen, J.Y.S., Fragomeni, G., Degen, H., and Ntoa, S. (2022). Enabling Human Interaction in Virtual Reality: An Explorative Overview of Opportunities and Limitations of Current VR Technology. HCI International 2022 \u2013 Late Breaking Papers: Interacting with eXtended Reality and Artificial Intelligence, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, M., V\u00e1z, P., Silva, J., and Martins, P. (2024). Enhancing Visual Perception in Immersive VR and AR Environments: AI-Driven Color and Clarity Adjustments Under Dynamic Lighting Conditions. Technologies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies12110216"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashtari, N., Bunt, A., McGrenere, J., Nebeling, M., and Chilana, P.K. Creating Augmented and Virtual Reality Applications: Current Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI \u201920).","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376722"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Minerva, R., Biru, A., and Rotondi, D. Towards a definition of the Internet of Things (IoT). Proceedings of the Towards a Definition of the Internet of Things (IoT). IEEE, Available online: https:\/\/iot.ieee.org\/images\/files\/pdf\/IEEE_IoT_Towards_Definition_Internet_of_Things_Revision1_27MAY15.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shovic, J.C. (2021). Raspberry Pi IoT Projects: Prototyping Experiments for Makers, Apress.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-6911-4"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Pliatsios, A., Goumopoulos, C., and Kotis, K. (2019, January 22\u201326). Interoperability in IoT: A Vital Key Factor to Create the \u201cSocial Network\u201d of Things. Proceedings of the 13hh International Conference on Mobile Ubiquitous Computing, Systems, Services and Technologies (UBICOMM 2019), Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"41","article-title":"Introduction to IOT","volume":"5","author":"Gokhale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Adv. Res. J. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Cui, Y., Li, W., Lv, T., Yuan, X., Li, S., Ni, W., Simsek, M., and Dressler, F. (2022). When Internet of Things meets Metaverse: Convergence of Physical and Cyber Worlds. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3232845"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Shi, Y., Yi, C., Du, H., Kang, J., and Niyato, D. (2024). Generative AI-Driven Human Digital Twin in IoT-Healthcare: A Comprehensive Survey. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3421918"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3349187","article-title":"Blockchain-IoT Healthcare Applications and Trends: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Zahary","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s44327-024-00002-w","article-title":"IoT-enabled smart cities: A hybrid systematic analysis of key research areas, challenges, and recommendations for future direction","volume":"1","author":"Omrany","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Cities"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgazzar, K., Khalil, H., Alghamdi, T., Badr, A., Abdelkader, G., Elewah, A., and Buyya, R. (2022). Revisiting the internet of things: New trends, opportunities and grand challenges. Front. Internet Things, 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/friot.2022.1073780"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0268-2","article-title":"Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology enhancement: A review","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07446-4","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT), Applications and Challenges: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"114","author":"Khanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhotra, P., Singh, Y., Anand, P., Bangotra, D.K., Singh, P.K., and Hong, W.C. (2021). Internet of Things: Evolution, Concerns and Security Challenges. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051809"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"European Parliament (2025, January 25). What Is Artificial Intelligence and How Is It Used?. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/topics\/en\/article\/20200827STO85804\/what-is-artificial-intelligence-and-how-is-it-used."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"IBM (2025, January 25). AI vs. Machine Learning vs. Deep Learning vs. Neural Networks. Available online: https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/ai-vs-machine-learning-vs-deep-learning-vs-neural-networks."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, S., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Huang, W., Wu, B., Gong, Y., and Ni, W. (2022). A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Aided Internet-of-Things Technologies in Emerging Smart Libraries. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082991"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzubaidi, L., Zhang, J., Humaidi, A.J., Al-Dujaili, A., Duan, Y., Al-Shamma, O., Santamar\u00eda, J., Fadhel, M.A., Al-Amidie, M., and Farhan, L. (2021). Review of deep learning: Concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions. J. Big Data, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-021-00444-8"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, S., Tariq, A., Santos, T., Kantareddy, S.S., and Banerjee, I. (2023). Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Architectures, Training Tricks, and Introduction to Influential Research. Machine Learning for Brain Disorders, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3195-9_4"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mienye, I.D., and Swart, T.G. (2024). A Comprehensive Review of Deep Learning: Architectures, Recent Advances, and Applications. Information, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/info15120755"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"OpenAI (2025, January 25). GPT-3 Applications. Available online: https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/gpt-3-apps\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., and Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-023-10236-2","article-title":"Transforming Conversations with AI\u2014A Comprehensive Study of ChatGPT","volume":"16","author":"Bansal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varitimiadis, S., Kotis, K., Pittou, D., and Konstantakis, G. (2021). Graph-Based Conversational AI: Towards a Distributed and Collaborative Multi-Chatbot Approach for Museums. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11199160"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"IBM (2025, January 25). What Is AI Bias?. Available online: https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/ai-bias."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"King, J., and Meinhardt, C. (2025, January 25). Privacy in an AI Era: How Do We Protect Our Personal Information?. Available online: https:\/\/hai.stanford.edu\/news\/privacy-ai-era-how-do-we-protect-our-personal-information."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheong, B.C. (2024). Transparency and accountability in AI systems: Safeguarding wellbeing in the age of algorithmic decision-making. Front. Hum. Dyn., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fhumd.2024.1421273"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCoy, L.G., Ci Ng, F.Y., Sauer, C.M., Yap Legaspi, K.E., Jain, B., Gallifant, J., McClurkin, M., Hammond, A., Goode, D., and Gichoya, J. (2024). Understanding and training for the impact of large language models and artificial intelligence in healthcare practice: A narrative review. BMC Med. Educ., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-06048-z"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, R., Panse, P., Bhanarkar, P., and Borkar, P. (2023). AIoT: Role of AI in IoT, Applications and Future Trends. Res. Trends Artif. Intell. Internet Things, 42\u201353.","DOI":"10.2174\/9789815136449123010006"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"DusunIoT (2025, January 25). AIoT\u2014Artificial Intelligence of Things. Available online: https:\/\/www.dusuniot.com\/blog\/aiot-artificial-intelligence-of-things\/."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100228","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100228","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Sensing Technologies in the 5G\/Internet of Things Era: From Virtual Reality\/Augmented Reality to the Digital Twin","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118002","article-title":"Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence in industry: Trends, tools, and future challenges","volume":"207","author":"Devagiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-020-00092-7","article-title":"Deep learning-enabled triboelectric smart socks for IoT-based gait analysis and VR applications","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Npj Flex. Electron."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100230","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100230","article-title":"Artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) enabled virtual shop applications using self-powered sensor enhanced soft robotic manipulator","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11063-020-10414-5","article-title":"PP-SPA: Privacy preserved smartphone-based personal assistant to improve routine life functioning of cognitive impaired individuals","volume":"55","author":"Javed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/09540091.2021.2013443","article-title":"Secure medical digital twin via human-centric interaction and cyber vulnerability resilience","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Conn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vrih.2022.06.004","article-title":"Empowering digital twins with eXtended reality collaborations","volume":"4","author":"Stacchio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Real. Intell. Hardw."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, S.V., Jo\u00e3o, D.V., Cardoso, B.B., Martins, M.A.I., and Carvalho, E.G. (2022). Digital Twin Concept Developing on an Electrical Distribution System\u2014An Application Case. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15082836"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, H., Soroni, F., Sadek Mahmood, S.J., Mannan, N., and Khan, M.M. (2021, January 10\u201313). Education System for Bangladesh Using Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE World AI IoT Congress (AIIoT), Seatle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIIoT52608.2021.9454247"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-09528-4","article-title":"Enhancing the college and university physical education teaching and learning experience using virtual reality and particle swarm optimization","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Paolis, L.T., and Bourdot, P. (2020, January 7\u201310). Voice Interaction with Artworks via Indoor Localization: A Vocal Museum. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Computer Graphics (AVR 2020), Lecce, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58468-9"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Hou, K., Yan, Z., Chen, H., Xing, G., and Jiang, X. (2024, January 13\u201315). Sensor2Scene: Foundation Model-Driven Interactive Realities. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Workshop on Foundation Models for Cyber-Physical Systems & Internet of Things (FMSys 2024), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FMSys62467.2024.00007"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3189011","article-title":"AI Wings: An AIoT Drone System for Commanding ArduPilot UAVs","volume":"17","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2025, January 25). Kuanting\/aiwings. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/kuanting\/aiwings."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, Q., Hatami, M., Xu, R., Nagothu, D., Chen, Y., Li, X., Blasch, E., Ardiles-Cruz, E., and Chen, G. (2024). The microverse: A task-oriented edge-scale metaverse. Future Internet, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.0152.v1"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14167","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3265674","article-title":"AIoTtalk: A SIP-Based Service Platform for Heterogeneous Artificial Intelligence of Things Applications","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.W., Lee, Y., Choi, H.B., Son, S.W., Leem, E., and Seo, J. (2023, January 26\u201328). A metaverse Avatar Teleport System Using an AIoT Pose Estimation Device. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Metaverse Computing, Networking and Applications (MetaCom 2023), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetaCom57706.2023.00131"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2022.101701","article-title":"A framework and method for Human-Robot cooperative safe control based on digital twin","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Virtual Reality Aided High-Quality 3D Reconstruction by Remote Drones","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-021-03969-0","article-title":"The internet-of-vehicle traffic condition system developed by artificial intelligence of things","volume":"78","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21174","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3177256","article-title":"Bindi: Affective Internet of Things to Combat Gender-Based Violence","volume":"9","author":"Canabal","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26314","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3394244","article-title":"Intelligent Wearable System With Motion and Emotion Recognition Based on Digital Twin Technology","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph, S., Priya S, B., R, P., M, S.K., S, S., V, J., and R, S.P. (2023, January 10\u201311). IoT Empowered AI: Transforming Object Recognition and NLP Summarization with Generative AI. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence (CVMI), Gwalior, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVMI59935.2023.10465077"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3208773","article-title":"Digital Twins: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Challenges, Trends and Future Prospects","volume":"24","author":"Mihai","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Unity Technologies (2025, January 25). Unity Real-Time Development Platform: 3D, 2D, VR & AR Engine. Available online: https:\/\/unity.com\/."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Epic Games, Inc. (2025, January 25). The Most Powerful Real-Time 3D Creation Tool\u2014 Unreal Engine. Available online: unrealengine.com."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Abadi, M., Agarwal, A., Barham, P., Brevdo, E., Chen, Z., Citro, C., Corrado, G.S., Davis, A., Dean, J., and Devin, M. (2025, January 25). TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Systems. Available online: tensorflow.org."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2025, January 25). Keras\u2014Deep Learning for Humans. Available online: https:\/\/keras.io\/."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2024.103989","article-title":"Privacy preservation in Artificial Intelligence and Extended Reality (AI-XR) metaverses: A survey","volume":"231","author":"Alkaeed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, N., Qayyum, A., Bilal, M., Al-Fuqaha, A., and Qadir, J. (2023). Privacy-preserving artificial intelligence in healthcare: Techniques and applications. Comput. Biol. Med., 158.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.106848"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazaros, K., Koumadorakis, D.E., Vrahatis, A.G., and Kotsiantis, S. (2024). Federated Learning: Navigating the Landscape of Collaborative Intelligence. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13234744"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrara, E. (2023). Fairness and Bias in Artificial Intelligence: A Brief Survey of Sources, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies. Sci, 6.","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.48399"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.55324\/josr.v2i11.1477","article-title":"Artifical Intelligence and Bias: Challenges, Implications, and Remedies","volume":"2","author":"Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Soc. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100686","article-title":"Ethical and Bias Considerations in Artificial Intelligence\/Machine Learning","volume":"38","author":"Hanna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/4\/163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:11:35Z","timestamp":1760029895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/4\/163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["fi17040163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi17040163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]}}}