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This approach aims to use data from languages with abundant resources to enhance performance in languages with limited availability of annotated corpora in this task. Furthermore, we augment our rumor detection framework with two supplementary tasks\u2014stance classification and bot detection\u2014to reinforce the primary task of rumor detection. Utilizing our proposed multi-task system, which incorporates cascade learning models, we generate several pre-trained models that are subsequently fine-tuned for rumor detection in English and Spanish. The results show improvements over the baselines, thus empirically validating the efficacy of our proposed approach. A Macro-F1 of 0.783 is achieved for the Spanish language, and a Macro-F1 of 0.945 is achieved for the English language.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17070287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T11:15:23Z","timestamp":1750936523000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cross-Lingual Cross-Domain Transfer Learning for Rumor Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eliana","family":"Providel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"},{"name":"School of Informatics Engineering, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7969-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute for Foundational Research on Data, Santiago 7810000, Chile"},{"name":"National Center of Artificial Intelligence, Santiago 7810000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4433-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Solar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1385","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1385","article-title":"Combating disinformation in a social media age","volume":"10","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Data Min. 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