{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:33:10Z","timestamp":1783096390669,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Navy","award":["N68335-25-C-0232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N68335-25-C-0232"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Named Data Networking (NDN) represents a promising Information-Centric Networking architecture that addresses limitations of traditional host-centric Internet protocols by emphasizing content names rather than host addresses for communication. While NDN offers advantages in content distribution, mobility support, and built-in security features, its stateful forwarding plane introduces significant vulnerabilities, particularly Interest Flooding Attacks (IFAs). These IFA attacks exploit the Pending Interest Table (PIT) by injecting malicious interest packets for non-existent or unsatisfiable content, leading to resource exhaustion and denial-of-service attacks against legitimate users. This survey examines research advances in IFA detection and mitigation from 2013 to 2024, analyzing seven relevant published detection and mitigation strategies to provide current insights into this evolving security challenge. We establish a taxonomy of attack variants, including Fake Interest, Unsatisfiable Interest, Interest Loop, and Collusive models, while examining their operational characteristics and network performance impacts. Our analysis categorizes defense mechanisms into five primary approaches: rate-limiting strategies, PIT management techniques, machine learning and artificial intelligence methods, reputation-based systems, and blockchain-enabled solutions. These approaches are evaluated for their effectiveness, computational requirements, and deployment feasibility. The survey extends to domain-specific implementations in resource-constrained environments, examining adaptations for Internet of Things deployments, wireless sensor networks, and high-mobility vehicular scenarios. Five critical research directions are proposed: adaptive defense mechanisms against sophisticated attackers, privacy-preserving detection techniques, real-time optimization for edge computing environments, standardized evaluation frameworks, and hybrid approaches combining multiple mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17080357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T08:33:06Z","timestamp":1754555586000},"page":"357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Interest Flooding Attacks in Named Data Networking and Mitigations: Recent Advances and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2156-7572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simeon","family":"Ogunbunmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc., Germantown, MD 20874, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deeraj","family":"Nagothu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc., Germantown, MD 20874, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sixiao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc., Germantown, MD 20874, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-9380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genshe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc., Germantown, MD 20874, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6894-6108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Blasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Force Research Laboratory, Arlington, VA 22203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6231276","article-title":"A survey of information-centric networking","volume":"50","author":"Ahlgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Cisco (2020). Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018\u20132023) White Paper, Cisco."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.070813.00063","article-title":"A survey of information-centric networking research","volume":"16","author":"Xylomenos","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baccelli, E., Mehlis, C., Hahm, O., Schmidt, T.C., and W\u00e4hlisch, M. (2014, January 24\u201326). Information centric networking in the IoT: Experiments with NDN in the wild. Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/2660129.2660144"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, V., Smetters, D.K., Thornton, J.D., Plass, M.F., Briggs, N.H., and Braynard, R.L. (2009, January 1\u20134). Networking named content. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1658939.1658941"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1145\/2656877.2656887","article-title":"Named data networking","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2877647","article-title":"Security attacks in named data networking of things and a blockchain solution","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3539730","article-title":"Interest flooding attacks in named data networking: Survey of existing solutions, open issues, requirements, and future directions","volume":"55","author":"Benmoussa","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65996","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3184304","article-title":"Detecting and mitigating collusive interest flooding attacks in named data networking","volume":"10","author":"Shatnawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, C., and Zhu, P. (2021, January 7\u201311). Defending against flooding attacks in the internet of drones environment. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9686017"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2021.1957029","article-title":"A survey of interest flooding attack in named-data networking: Taxonomy, performance and future research challenges","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"IETE Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.11.002","article-title":"Pending interest table control management in Named Data Network","volume":"111","author":"Alubady","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sucipto, A., Ahdan, S., and Syambas, N.R. (2024, January 4\u20135). PIT Performance Measurement using NFD Pipeline Parameters in Named Data Networking (NDN). Proceedings of the 2024 10th International Conference on Wireless and Telematics (ICWT), Batam, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWT62080.2024.10674713"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxad033","article-title":"An efficient pending interest table content search in NDN through stable bloom filter","volume":"67","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"5672154","article-title":"Security and privacy issues in vehicular named data networks: An overview","volume":"2018","author":"Khelifi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-022-00591-w","article-title":"A survey on interest packet flooding attacks and its countermeasures in named data networking","volume":"21","author":"Jeet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10994-x","article-title":"Mitigating content poisoning attacks in named data networking: A survey of recent solutions, limitations, challenges and future research directions","volume":"58","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Afanasyev, A., Mahadevan, P., Moiseenko, I., Uzun, E., and Zhang, L. (2013, January 22\u201324). Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in named data networking. Proceedings of the 2013 IFIP Networking Conference, Brooklyn, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theeranantachai, S., Zhang, B., and Zhang, L. (2024, January 28\u201331). NDN\u2019s Stateful Forwarding Plane in the Presence of Ground-Satellite Handovers. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), Charleroi, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP61940.2024.10858574"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2013.01.005","article-title":"A case for stateful forwarding plane","volume":"36","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Xu, Y., Ma, M., and Zhang, Y. (2024, January 5\u20138). An EWMA-Based Mitigation Scheme Against Interest Flooding Attacks in Named Data Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-5606-3_14"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-020-00500-z","article-title":"ChoKIFA+: An early detection and mitigation approach against interest flooding attacks in NDN","volume":"20","author":"Benarfa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fast Detection and Traceback-based Mitigation of Interest Flooding Attack","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buragohain, M., and Nandi, S. (2021). Demystifying security on NDN: A survey of existing attacks and open research challenges. The \u201cEssence\u201d of Network Security: An End-to-End Panorama, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9317-8_10"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0020720920983518","article-title":"Countermeasures of interest flooding attack in named data networking: A survey","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Cheng, G., Hu, X., Wu, H., Gong, J., Yang, W., and Fan, C. (2018, January 15\u201317). An insightful experimental study of a sophisticated interest flooding attack in NDN. Proceedings of the 2018 1st IEEE International Conference on Hot Information-Centric Networking (HotICN), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/HOTICN.2018.8605965"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.A., Liang, T., and Zhang, B. (December, January 29). BLEnD: Improving NDN performance over wireless links using interest bundling. Proceedings of the MILCOM 2021-2021 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM52596.2021.9652928"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compagno, A., Conti, M., Gasti, P., and Tsudik, G. (2013, January 21\u201324). Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking. Proceedings of the 38th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2013.6761300"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1039856","article-title":"Defending against flooding-based distributed denial-of-service attacks: A tutorial","volume":"40","author":"Wah","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Signorello, S., Marchal, S., Francois, J., Festor, O., and State, R. (November, January 30). Advanced interest flooding attacks in named-data networking. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2017.8171325"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2923841","article-title":"Analyzing NDN NACK on interest flooding attack via SIS epidemic model","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.104124","article-title":"Detecting interest flooding attacks in NDN: A probability-based event-driven approach","volume":"148","author":"Kumari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01717-1","article-title":"A network-wide view-based detection and mitigation of a sophisticated Interest Flooding Attack","volume":"2020","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2014.11.003","article-title":"A hybrid multiobjective rbf-pso method for mitigating dos attacks in named data networking","volume":"151","author":"Karami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidouri, A., Hajlaoui, N., Touati, H., Hadded, M., and Muhlethaler, P. (2022). A survey on security attacks and intrusion detection mechanisms in named data networking. Computers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers11120186"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2025, April 03). Named Data Networking Project. Named Data Networking (NDN) Project FAQ, Available online: https:\/\/named-data.net\/project\/faq\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101628","article-title":"InterestFence: Simple but efficient way to counter interest flooding attack","volume":"88","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1145\/2534169.2491233","article-title":"An improved hop-by-hop interest shaper for congestion control in named data networking","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alston, A., and Refaei, T. (November, January 31). Neutralizing interest flooding attacks in named data networks using cryptographic route tokens. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2016.7778598"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghali, C., Tsudik, G., and Uzun, E. (2014, January 23). Needle in a haystack: Mitigating content poisoning in named-data networking. Proceedings of the NDSS Workshop on Security of Emerging Networking Technologies (SENT), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.14722\/sent.2014.23014"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magsi, A.H., Mohsan, S.A.H., Muhammad, G., and Abbasi, S. (2023). A machine learning-based interest flooding attack detection system in vehicular named data networking. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12183870"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabari, J., and Kumar, A.R.P. (July, January 28). FIFA: Fighting against interest flooding attack in NDN-based VANET. Proceedings of the 2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC51323.2021.9498767"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, H., Burgess, L., Liao, W., Wang, Q., and Yu, W. (2023). On detecting interest flooding attacks in named data networking (ndn)\u2013based iot searches. AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003187158-20"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunbunmi, S., Chen, Y., Blasch, E., and Chen, G. (2024). A survey on reputation systems for uav networks. Drones, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.0075.v1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunbunmi, S., Hatmai, M., Xu, R., Chen, Y., Blasch, E., Ardiles-Cruz, E., Aved, A., and Chen, G. (2023, January 12\u201316). A lightweight reputation system for uav networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Security and Privacy in Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Vehicles, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-51630-6_8"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, Q., Ogunbunmi, S., Hatami, M., Xu, R., Chen, Y., Chen, G., and Blasch, E. (2023, January 1\u20133). A digital twins enabled reputation system for microchain-based uav networks. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 12th International Conference on Cloud Networking (CloudNet), Hoboken, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudNet59005.2023.10490022"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.36548\/jtcsst.2021.1.006","article-title":"A data driven trust mechanism based on blockchain in IoT sensor networks for detection and mitigation of attacks","volume":"3","author":"Sivaganesan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trends Comput. Sci. Smart Technol. (TCSST)"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2024.101076","article-title":"Ifnot: An approach towards mitigating interest flooding attacks in named data networking of things","volume":"25","author":"Bilgili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Ma, Y., Hu, Q., Zhou, Z., Xiao, K., and Wang, C. (2023). Lightweight transmission behavior audit scheme for NDN Industrial Internet identity resolution and transmission based on blockchain. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12112538"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Din, M.S.U., Rehman, M.A.U., and Kim, B.S. (2021). CIDF-WSN: A collaborative interest and data forwarding strategy for named data wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155174"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukhowah, R., Aljughaiman, A., and Rahman, M.H. (2024). Detection of dos attacks for IoT in information-centric networks using machine learning: Opportunities, challenges, and future research directions. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13061031"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Dong, J., Wang, K., Lyu, Y., Jiao, L., and Yin, H. (2018, January 15\u201317). InterestFence: Countering interest flooding attacks by using hash-based security labels. Proceedings of the Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing: 18th International Conference, ICA3PP 2018, Guangzhou, China. Proceedings, Part IV 18."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2022.101089","article-title":"The Contiki-NG open source operating system for next generation IoT devices","volume":"18","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2022","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2022.3150346","article-title":"Edge-assisted NDN-based IoT framework with provider and consumer mobility support","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.05.042","article-title":"Secure healthcare monitoring framework integrating NDN-based IoT with edge cloud","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2946359","article-title":"A survey of healthcare Internet of Things (HIoT): A clinical perspective","volume":"7","author":"Habibzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2903821","article-title":"Internet of Things mobile\u2013air pollution monitoring system (IoT-Mobair)","volume":"6","author":"Dhingra","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177173","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3456669","article-title":"RLEAFS: Reinforcement Learning based Energy Aware Forwarding Strategy for NDN based IoT Networks","volume":"12","author":"Askar","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36158","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3265959","article-title":"BSDCE-IoV: Blockchain-based secure data collection and exchange scheme for IoV in 5G environment","volume":"11","author":"Karim","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/8\/357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:25:01Z","timestamp":1760034301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/8\/357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["fi17080357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi17080357","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}