{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:44:00Z","timestamp":1774313040221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Tecnica de Ambato","award":["PFISEI32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PFISEI32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Augmented reality (AR) in industry improves training and technical assistance by overlaying digital information on real environments, facilitating the visualisation and understanding of complex processes. It also enables more effective remote collaboration, optimising problem solving and decision making in real time. This paper proposes a scoping review, using PRISMA guidelines, on the optimisation of industrial processes through the application of AR. The objectives of this study included characterising successful implementations of AR in various industrial processes, comparing different hardware, graphics engines, associated costs, and determining the percentage of optimisation achieved through AR. The databases included were Scopus, SpringerLink, IEEExplore, and MDPI. Eligibility criteria were defined as English-language articles published between 2019 and 2024 that provide significant contributions to AR applications in engineering. The Cochrane method was used to assess bias. The rigorous selection process resulted in the inclusion of 38 articles. Key findings indicate that AR reduces errors and execution times, improves efficiency and productivity, and optimises training and maintenance processes, leading to cost savings and quality improvement. Unity 3D is the most widely used graphics engine for AR applications. The main applications of AR are in maintenance, assembly, training and inspection, with maintenance being the most researched area. Challenges include the learning curve, high initial costs, and hardware limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17080358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T12:15:40Z","timestamp":1754568940000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhancing Industrial Processes Through Augmented Reality: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0065-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Industria y Producci\u00f3n, Universidad Indoam\u00e9rica, Ambato 180103, Ecuador"}]},{"given":"Aracely M.","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda y Aplicadas, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Cotopaxi (UTC), Campus La Matriz, Ave. Sim\u00f3n Rodr\u00edguez, Latacunga 050102, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6676-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180104, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7138-3913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo V.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180104, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2884-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose E.","family":"Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda y Aplicadas, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Cotopaxi (UTC), Campus La Matriz, Ave. Sim\u00f3n Rodr\u00edguez, Latacunga 050102, Ecuador"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.154","article-title":"Augmented Reality Application to Support Remote Maintenance as a Service in the Robotics Industry","volume":"63","author":"Mourtzis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.22201\/icat.24486736e.2021.19.6.1460","article-title":"A mapping analysis of maintenance in Industry 4.0","volume":"19","author":"Nardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Garcia, M.V., and Gord\u00f3n-Gallegos, C. (2022, January 14\u201318). A FlexSim-Based Approach to Efficient Layout Planning for a Tire Company. Proceedings of the CSEI: International Conference on Computer Science, Electronics and Industrial Engineering (CSEI), Ambato, Ecuador."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2023.104057","article-title":"A comparative study of Augmented Reality rendering techniques for industrial assembly inspection","volume":"155","author":"Fortuna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2014.10.100","article-title":"Mobile Augmented Reality Based Monitoring of Assembly Lines","volume":"23","author":"Kollatsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajalah, H., Jusoh, M., Jaafar, S., and Abdullah, S. (2022, January 15\u201316). Optimization of the material handling system in adapting the real-time AR simulation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Materials and Structures ICSMS-2022, Nambur, India.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0142835"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3101545","article-title":"A Conceptual Model and Taxonomy for Collaborative Augmented Reality","volume":"28","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4156","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3079849","article-title":"The Impact of Focus and Context Visualization Techniques on Depth Perception in Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays","volume":"28","author":"Weiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144649","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3342116","article-title":"Empowering Knowledge With Virtual and Augmented Reality","volume":"11","author":"Gervasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6798","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3048708","article-title":"Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality for Learning: An Examination Using an Extended Technology Acceptance Model","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0644-y","article-title":"Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: A prospective exploratory study","volume":"6","author":"Bramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00019","article-title":"Scopus as a curated, high-quality bibliometric data source for academic research in quantitative science studies","volume":"1","author":"Baas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant. Sci. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"188","article-title":"SpringerLink Platform Review","volume":"18","author":"Walden","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electron. Resour. Med Libr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e54523","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between journal indexing and article processing charges of journals published by mdpi, the multidisciplinary digital publishing institute","volume":"46","author":"Okagbue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranjo, J.E., Caiza, G., Velastegui, R., Castro, M., Alarcon-Ortiz, A., and Garcia, M.V. (2022). A Scoping Review of Pipeline Maintenance Methodologies Based on Industry 4.0. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142416723"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranjo, J.E., Mora, C.A., Bustamante Villag\u00f3mez, D.F., Mancheno Falconi, M.G., and Garcia, M.V. (2025). Wearable Sensors in Industrial Ergonomics: Enhancing Safety and Productivity in Industry 4.0. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25051526"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","article-title":"Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","volume":"12","author":"McGuinness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2016). Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Environments\u2014Part 14: Assessment of Suitability for Use of Equipment by Airborne Particle Concentration (Standard No. ISO 14644-14:2016)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94330","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2994650","article-title":"A smart factory in a smart city: Virtual and augmented reality in a smart assembly line","volume":"8","author":"Horejsi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1620","article-title":"Augmented reality system and maintenance of oil pumps","volume":"33","author":"Koteleva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Trans. B Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maffei, A., Dalle Mura, M., Monetti, F., and Boffa, E. (2023). Dynamic Mixed Reality Assembly Guidance Using Optical Recognition Methods. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031760"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2017.04.006","article-title":"Improving efficiency of industrial maintenance with context aware adaptive authoring in augmented reality","volume":"66","author":"Erkoyuncu","year":"2017","journal-title":"CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konstantinidis, F., Kansizoglou, I., Santavas, N., Mouroutsos, S., and Gasteratos, A. (2020). Marma: A mobile augmented reality maintenance assistant for fast-track repair procedures in the context of industry 4.0. Machines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/machines8040088"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., and Qi, Y. (2022). A Multi-User Collaborative AR System for Industrial Applications. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041319"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, H.J., Lee, S.I., Park, J.H., and Kim, C.S. (2021). Design of augmented reality training content for railway vehicle maintenance focusing on the axle-mounted disc brake system. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11199090"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.02.010","article-title":"Smart augmented reality instructional system for mechanical assembly towards worker-centered intelligent manufacturing","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-016-9164-5","article-title":"Use of projector based augmented reality to improve manual spot-welding precision and accuracy for automotive manufacturing","volume":"89","author":"Doshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s13272-022-00578-2","article-title":"Using augmented reality to reduce workload in offshore environments","volume":"13","author":"Maibach","year":"2022","journal-title":"CEAS Aeronaut. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105582","article-title":"Using Eye-Tracking to Measure Worker Situation Awareness in Augmented Reality","volume":"165","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunkera, Z., \u017deljkovi\u0107, I., Mimica, R., Ljubenkov, B., and Opetuk, T. (2024). Development of Augmented Reality Technology Implementation in a Shipbuilding Project Realization Process. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12040550"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-023-11313-4","article-title":"Evaluating digital work instructions with augmented reality versus paper-based documents for manual, object-specific repair tasks in a case study with experienced workers","volume":"127","author":"Eversberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.14733\/cadaps.2021.692-703","article-title":"An augmented reality system for operator training in the footwear sector","volume":"18","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelopoulos, J., and Mourtzis, D. (2022). An Intelligent Product Service System for Adaptive Maintenance of Engineered-to-Order Manufacturing Equipment Assisted by Augmented Reality. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12115349"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havl\u00edkov\u00e1, K., Ho\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed, P., and Kope\u010dek, P. (2023). Effect of Augmented Reality Support on Quality Inspection of Welded Structures. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132111655"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"744","article-title":"An augmented reality assisted order picking system using IoT","volume":"8","author":"Nagda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132343","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2940887","article-title":"An Augmented Reality System to Support Fault Visualization in Industrial Robotic Tasks","volume":"7","author":"Avalle","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111704","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3216015","article-title":"ARiana: Augmented Reality Based In-Situ Annotation of Assembly Videos","volume":"10","author":"Pham","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2024.104085","article-title":"Assessing user performance in augmented reality assembly guidance for industry 4.0 operators","volume":"157\u2013158","author":"Marino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szajna, A., Stryjski, R., Wo\u017aniak, W., Chamier-Gliszczy\u0144ski, N., and Kostrzewski, M. (2020). Assessment of augmented reality in manual wiring production process with use of mobile AR glasses. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174755"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2023.103985","article-title":"Augmented reality for industrial quality inspection: An experiment assessing task performance and human factors","volume":"151","author":"Seeliger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alatawi, H., Albalawi, N., Shahata, G., Aljohani, K., Alhakamy, A., and Tuceryan, M. (2023). Augmented Reality-Assisted Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Model towards Industrial Training and Maintenance for NanoDrop Spectrophotometer. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23136024"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.13185","article-title":"Augmented reality-based method for road maintenance operators in human\u2013robot collaborative interventions","volume":"39","author":"Bavelos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fani, V., Antomarioni, S., Bandinelli, R., and Ciarapica, F. (2023). Data Mining and Augmented Reality: An Application to the Fashion Industry. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042317"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"87","article-title":"Development of Augmented Reality Application for Onsite Inspection of Expressway Structures Using Microsoft HoloLens","volume":"26","author":"Kouch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Constr. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S., and Park, J.S. (2021). Development of augmented reality system for productivity enhancement in offshore plant construction. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9020209"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.11113\/aej.v12.18009","article-title":"Effectiveness on training method using virtual reality and augmented reality applications in automobile engine Assembly","volume":"12","author":"Win","year":"2022","journal-title":"ASEAN Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1007\/s40436-023-00479-5","article-title":"Holorailway: An augmented reality system to support assembly operations in the railway industry","volume":"12","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2023.3303028","article-title":"Integrated Augmented and Virtual Reality Technologies for Realistic Fire Drill Training","volume":"44","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortega, M., Ivorra, E., Juan, A., Venegas, P., Mart\u00ednez, J., and Alca\u00f1iz, M. (2021). Mantra: An effective system based on augmented reality and infrared thermography for industrial maintenance. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010385"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, A., Kildal, J., and Lazkano, E. (2020). Multimodal mixed reality impact on a hand guiding task with a holographic cobot. Multimodal Technol. Interact., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/mti4040078"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-023-11289-1","article-title":"Pervasive Augmented Reality to support logistics operators in industrial scenarios: A shop floor user study on kit assembly","volume":"127","author":"Maio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorloh, H., Li, K.W., and Khaday, S. (2023). Presenting Job Instructions Using an Augmented Reality Device, a Printed Manual, and a Video Display for Assembly and Disassembly Tasks: What Are the Differences?. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042186"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"102388","article-title":"Process monitoring of economic and environmental performance of a material extrusion printer using an augmented reality-based digital twin","volume":"48","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102966","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3096915","article-title":"Process of Materials Picking Using Augmented Reality","volume":"9","author":"Zywicki","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mourtzis, D., Siatras, V., and Angelopoulos, J. (2020). Real-time remote maintenance support based on augmented reality (AR). Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10051855"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borro, D., Suescun, A., Braz\u00e1lez, A., Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Ortega, E., and Gonz\u00e1lez, E. (2021). WARM: Wearable AR and tablet-based assistant systems for bus maintenance. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041443"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saghafian, M., Laumann, K., Akhtar, R.S., and Skogstad, M.R. (2020). The Evaluation of Virtual Reality Fire Extinguisher Training. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.593466"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/8\/358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:25:35Z","timestamp":1760034335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/8\/358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["fi17080358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi17080358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}}}