{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T14:54:40Z","timestamp":1777128880727,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SECIHTI","award":["CIORGANISMOS-2025-119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIORGANISMOS-2025-119"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004687","name":"University of Murcia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The proliferation of social media has made Sentiment Analysis an essential tool for understanding user opinions, particularly in underrepresented language variants such as Mexican Spanish. Recent advances in Large Language Models have made effective sentiment analysis through in-context learning techniques, reducing the need for supervised training. This study compares the performance of zero and few-shot with traditional fine-tuning approaches of tourism-related texts in Mexican Spanish. Two annotated datasets from the REST-MEX 2022 and 2023 shared tasks were used for this purpose. Results show that fine-tuning, particularly with the MarIA model, achieves the best overall performance. However, modern LLMs that use in-context learning strategies, such as Mixtral 8x7B for zero-shot and Mistral 7B for few-shot, demonstrate strong potential in low-resource settings by closely approximating the accuracy of fine-tuned models, suggesting that in-context learning is a viable alternative to fine-tuning for sentiment analysis in Mexican Spanish when labeled data is limited. These approaches can enable intelligent, data-driven digital services with applications in tourism platforms and urban information systems that enhance user experience and trust in large-scale socio-technical ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17100445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T12:59:46Z","timestamp":1759150786000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sentiment Analysis in Mexican Spanish: A Comparison Between Fine-Tuning and In-Context Learning with Large Language Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6971-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Bernal-Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica y Sistemas, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Andr\u00e9s","family":"Paredes-Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, I.T.S. Teziutl\u00e1n, Fracci\u00f3n I y II, Teziutl\u00e1n 73960, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1818-3434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Pilar","family":"Salas-Z\u00e1rate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, I.T.S. Teziutl\u00e1n, Fracci\u00f3n I y II, Teziutl\u00e1n 73960, Puebla, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3651-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Garc\u00eda-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica y Sistemas, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Valencia-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica y Sistemas, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social Media and news gathering: Tapping into the millennial mindset","volume":"3","author":"Gangadharbatla","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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