{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T12:10:11Z","timestamp":1759234211499,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Future wireless networks are expected to deliver enhanced spectral efficiency while being energy efficient. MIMO and other non-orthogonal transmission schemes, such as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), offer substantial theoretical spectral efficiency gains. However, these gains have yet to translate into practical deployments, largely due to limitations in current signal processing methods. Linear transceiver processing, though widely adopted, fails to fully exploit non-orthogonal transmissions, forcing massive MIMO systems to use a disproportionately large number of RF chains for relatively few streams, increasing power consumption. Non-linear processing can unlock the full potential of non-orthogonal schemes but is hindered by high computational complexity and integration challenges. Moreover, existing message-passing receivers for NOMA depend on specially designed sparse signals, limiting resource allocation flexibility and efficiency. This work presents NL-COMM, an efficient non-linear processing framework that translates the theoretical gains of non-orthogonal transmissions into practical benefits for both the uplink and downlink. NL-COMM delivers over 200% spectral efficiency gains, enables 50% reductions in antennas and RF chains (and thus base station power consumption), and increases concurrently supported users by 450%. In distributed MIMO deployments, the antenna reduction halves fronthaul bandwidth requirements, mitigating a key system bottleneck. Furthermore, NL-COMM offers the flexibility to unlock new NOMA schemes. Finally, we present both hardware and software architectures for NL-COMM that support massively parallel execution, demonstrating how advanced non-linear processing can be realized in practice to meet the demands of next-generation networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17100447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T10:54:48Z","timestamp":1759229688000},"page":"447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NL-COMM: Enabling High-Performing Next-Generation Networks via Advanced Non-Linear Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7846-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chathura","family":"Jayawardena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"5G & 6G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK"}]},{"given":"George Ntavazlis","family":"Katsaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5G & 6G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Nikitopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5G & 6G Innovation Centre, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900411","article-title":"Toward 6G Networks: Use Cases and Technologies","volume":"58","author":"Giordani","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3012715","article-title":"IEEE 802.11be Wi-Fi 7: New Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, May 07). Reuters. Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/media-telecom\/net-proceeds-key-us-spectrum-auction-tops-80-billion-2021-01-15\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2003.810294","article-title":"Capacity limits of MIMO channels","volume":"21","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.004.2300043","article-title":"Mobile Cell-Free Massive MIMO: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58503","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3178127","article-title":"A tutorial on decoding techniques of sparse code multiple access","volume":"10","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoshyar, R., Razavi, R., and Al-Imari, M. (2010, January 16\u201319). LDS-OFDM an efficient multiple access technique. Proceedings of the IEEE VTC, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2010.5493941"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1145\/2740070.2626301","article-title":"Geosphere: Consistently turning MIMO capacity into throughput","volume":"44","author":"Nikitopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2008.080206","article-title":"Soft-output sphere decoding: Algorithms and VLSI implementation","volume":"26","author":"Studer","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Barbero, L.G., Ratnarajah, T., and Cowan, C. (April, January 31). A Low-Complexity Soft-MIMO Detector Based on the Fixed-Complexity Sphere Decoder. Proceedings of the IEEE ICASSP, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"491","article-title":"Algorithm and implementation of the k-best sphere decoding for mimo detection","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE JSAC"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2004.841997","article-title":"A vector-perturbation technique for near-capacity multiantenna multiuser communication\u2014Part II: Perturbation","volume":"53","author":"Hochwald","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Y.-X., Jhang, S.-J., Chen, Y.-M., Lan, S.-P., and Ueng, Y.-L. (2022, January 23\u201327). An efficient soft output MIMO detector architecture considering high-order modulations. Proceedings of the IEEE ACSSC, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF56349.2022.10051955"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-M., Dai, Y.-X., Jhang, S.-J., and Ueng, Y.-L. (2025). An efficient soft-output fixed-complexity sphere decoder for large qam constellations. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2025.3588111"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1145\/2534169.2486016","article-title":"BigStation: Enabling scalable real-time signal processing in large MU-MIMO systems","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, J., Doost-Mohammady, R., Kalia, A., and Zhong, L. (2020, January 1\u20134). Agora: Real-time massive MIMO baseband processing in software. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/3386367.3431296"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2053727","article-title":"Fast Link Adaptation for MIMO OFDM","volume":"59","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.115","article-title":"Rate Adaptation for 802.11 Multiuser MIMO Networks","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Fan, J., Yin, Q., Li, G.Y., Peng, B., and Zhu, X. (August, January 31). MCS Selection for Throughput Improvement in Downlink LTE Systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2022.05.009","article-title":"A QoS-aware and channel-aware Radio Resource Management framework for multi-numerology systems","volume":"191","author":"Miuccio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2687218","article-title":"PoC of SCMA-Based Uplink Grant-Free Transmission in UCNC for 5G","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.21594","article-title":"Massively Parallel, Nonlinear Processing for 6G: Potential Gains and Further Research Challenges","volume":"60","author":"Nikitopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2025, May 21). NL-COMM. Available online: https:\/\/nl-comm.com."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2018.2874002","article-title":"Massively parallel tree search for high-dimensional sphere decoders","volume":"30","author":"Nikitopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikitopoulos, K., and Tafazolli, R. (2016). Parallel Processing of Sphere Decoders and Other Vector Finding Approaches Using Tree Search. (Patent No. WO2016198845A1), Available online: https:\/\/patentscope.wipo.int\/search\/en\/detail.jsf?docId=WO2016198845.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2016.7842015"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesan, S., Lozano, A., and Valenzuela, R. (2007, January 4\u20137). Network MIMO: Overcoming intercell interference in indoor wireless systems. Proceedings of the Conference Record of The Forty-First Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2007.4487170"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2987311","article-title":"Scalable Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems","volume":"68","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.041311.100259","article-title":"Uplink CoMP under a Constrained Backhaul and Imperfect Channel Knowledge","volume":"10","author":"Marsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5310","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2025.3567446","article-title":"Coarray Tensor Train Decomposition for Bistatic MIMO Radar With Uniform Planar Array","volume":"73","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2025.110196","article-title":"Higher-order tensor decomposition for 2D-DOD and 2D-DOA estimation in bistatic MIMO radar","volume":"238","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15798","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3408813","article-title":"Joint DOD and DOA Estimation for NLOS Target Using IRS-Aided Bistatic MIMO Radar","volume":"73","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3191344","article-title":"Graph neural network aided MU-MIMO detectors","volume":"40","author":"Kosasih","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97493","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3311821","article-title":"An Assessment of Deep Learning Versus Massively Parallel, Non-Linear Methods for Highly-Efficient MIMO Detection","volume":"11","author":"Ducoing","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2011.6157253","article-title":"Fixed-complexity sphere encoder for multi-user MIMO systems","volume":"13","author":"Mohaisen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2014.2314213","article-title":"Channel hardening-exploiting message passing (CHEMP) receiver in large-scale MIMO systems","volume":"8","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2525378","article-title":"Low-Complexity MU-MIMO Nonlinear Precoding Using Degree-2 Sparse Vector Perturbation","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6664","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2019.2916359","article-title":"Vector approximate message passing","volume":"65","author":"Rangan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.001.2000049","article-title":"Sparse code multiple access for 6g wireless communication networks: Recent advances and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3081166","article-title":"Sparse code multiple access: Potentials and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Rebhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2012.082812.110284","article-title":"On Receiver Design for Uplink Low Density Signature OFDM (LDS-OFDM)","volume":"60","author":"Razavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, X., Wu, Y., Chen, Y., and Cheng, M. (2017, January 19\u201322). Low Complexity Receiver for Uplink SCMA System via Expectation Propagation. Proceedings of the IEEE WCNC, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925590"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.23919\/JCN.2024.000039","article-title":"On the performance of uplink power-domain noma with imperfect csi and sic in 6g networks","volume":"26","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Dai, L., Yuan, Y., and Wang, Z. (2015, January 6\u20139). Compressive sensing based multi-user detection for uplink grant-free non-orthogonal multiple access. Proceedings of the IEEE VTC, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2015.7390876"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Cui, T., and Tellambura, C. (2004, January 5). An efficient generalized sphere decoder for rank-deficient MIMO systems. Proceedings of the IEEE VTC, Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3062235","article-title":"Sparse or Dense: A Comparative Study of Code-Domain NOMA Systems","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Shabany, M., Su, K., and Gulak, P. (April, January 31). A pipelined scalable high-throughput implementation of a near-ML K-best complex lattice decoder. Proceedings of the IEEE ICASSP, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2596759","article-title":"On the design of multiuser codebooks for uplink SCMA systems","volume":"20","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263349","article-title":"Non-orthogonal multiple access for 5G: Solutions, challenges, opportunities, and future research trends","volume":"53","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1983.1056659","article-title":"Writing on dirty paper (Corresp.)","volume":"29","author":"Costa","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wubben, D., Bohnke, R., Kuhn, V., and Kammeyer, K.D. (2003, January 6\u20139). MMSE extension of V-BLAST based on sorted QR decomposition. Proceedings of the IEEE VTC, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2003.1285069"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2949812","article-title":"G-MultiSphere: Generalizing Massively Parallel Detection for Non-Orthogonal Signal Transmissions","volume":"68","author":"Jayawardena","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husmann, C., and Nikitopoulos, K. (2018, January 9\u201313). Viper mimo: Increasing large mimo efficiency via practical vector-perturbation. Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBECOM, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647879"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayawardena, C., Filo, M., Katsaros, G.N., and Nikitopoulos, K. (2024, January 21\u201323). Nl-comm: Demonstrating gains of non-linear processing in open-ran ecosystem. Proceedings of the IEEE CAMAD, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD62243.2024.10943001"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"3GPP (2020). 5G; Study on Channel Model for Frequency Spectrum Above 6 GHz, 3GPP. version 16.1.0."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5533","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3024631","article-title":"Nonlinear MIMO for industrial internet of things in cyber-physical systems","volume":"17","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2025, March 07). eCPRI Specification V2.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.cpri.info."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.01.081381","article-title":"Transmit diversity vs. spatial multiplexing in modern MIMO systems","volume":"9","author":"Lozano","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.032113.120798","article-title":"Performance analysis of macrodiversity MIMO systems with MMSE and ZF receivers in flat Rayleigh fading","volume":"12","author":"Basnayaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.071064","article-title":"On the combining schemes for MIMO systems with hybrid ARQ","volume":"8","author":"Jang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damnjanovic, A., Knisley, D., Saurabh, A., Prakash, R., Zhang, X., and Chen, S. (2024, January 13\u201316). Spectrum sharing with O-RAN architecture. Proceedings of the IEEE DySPAN, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DySPAN60163.2024.10632858"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"3GPP (2020). 5G:NR; Physical Procedures for Data, 3GPP. version 16.2.0."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Husmann, C., Georgis, G., Nikitopoulos, K., and Jamieson, K. (2017, January 27\u201329). Flexcore: Massively parallel and flexible processing for large MIMO access points. Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38150","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3375769","article-title":"Power efficient and ultra dense open-ran vehicular networks with non-linear processing","volume":"12","author":"Katsaros","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12491","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3411788","article-title":"MIMO-SoftiPHY: A Software-Based PHY Design and Implementation Framework for Highly-Efficient Open-RAN MIMO Radios","volume":"23","author":"Katsaros","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Li, Y., Jin, D., Su, L., Ma, S., and Zeng, L. (2013, January 12\u201316). OpenRAN: A software-defined ran architecture via virtualization. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2013 Conference on SIGCOMM, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/2486001.2491732"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2025, March 15). Ofcom: Open RAN and the Link Between Competition and Innovation. Available online: https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/research-and-data\/economics-discussion-papers\/open-ran-competition-innovation."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz, M. (2014, January 9\u201313). 1.1 Computing\u2019s energy problem (and what we can do about it). Proceedings of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2014.6757323"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2025, March 15). srsRAN. Available online: https:\/\/www.srslte.com\/."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2025, May 21). OpenAirInterface. Available online: https:\/\/gitlab.eurecom.fr\/oai\/openairinterface5g."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Gong, J., Kalia, A., and Yu, M. (2023, January 17\u201319). Scalable distributed massive {MIMO} baseband processing. Proceedings of the USENIX NSDI, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikitopoulos, K., Filo, M., Katsaros, G.N., Jayawardena, C., and Tafazolli, R. (2023, January 2\u20136). MU-MIMO, Open-RAN PHY with Linear and Massively Parallelizable Non-Linear Processing. Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/3570361.3614073"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filo, M., Katsaros, G.N., Jayawardena, C., and Nikitopoulos, K. (2025, January 24\u201327). Nl-comm: Enhanced video streaming via advanced non-linear processing. Proceedings of the IEEE WCNC, Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC61545.2025.10978265"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2761262","article-title":"Reduced Latency ML Polar Decoding via Multiple Sphere-Decoding Tree Searches","volume":"67","author":"Husmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Jayawardena, C., and Nikitopoulos, K. (June, January 28). Joint Frequency Offset Compensation and Detection for Multi-User MIMO-OFDM Systems with Frequency Asynchronous User Access. Proceedings of the IEEE ICC, Rome, Italy."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/10\/447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T11:30:09Z","timestamp":1759231809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/10\/447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["fi17100447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi17100447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]}}}