{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:50:15Z","timestamp":1773445815154,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":247,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are redefining both civilian and defense operations, with swarm-based architectures unlocking unprecedented scalability and autonomy. However, these advancements introduce critical security challenges, particularly in location verification and authentication. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of hardware security primitives (HSPs)\u2014including Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs), Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs), and blockchain-integrated frameworks\u2014as foundational enablers of trust in UAV ecosystems. We systematically analyze communication architectures, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and deployment constraints, followed by a comparative evaluation of HSP-based techniques in terms of energy efficiency, scalability, and operational resilience. The review further identifies unresolved research gaps and highlights transformative trends such as AI-augmented environmental PUFs, post-quantum secure primitives, and RISC-V-based secure control systems. By bridging current limitations with emerging innovations, this work underscores the pivotal role of hardware-rooted security in shaping the next generation of autonomous aerial networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17100466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:32:47Z","timestamp":1760099567000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Building Trust in Autonomous Aerial Systems: A Review of Hardware-Rooted Trust Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4181-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagir Muhammad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8850-5606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Samie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1519-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barmak","family":"Honarvar Shakibaei Asli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s44147-025-00582-3","article-title":"UAV swarms: Research, challenges, and future directions","volume":"72","author":"Alqudsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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