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To overcome these challenges, researchers are exploring methods to maximize the utility of existing QPUs despite their limitations. Building upon the idea that the execution of a quantum circuit\u2019s shots does not need to be treated as a singular monolithic unit, we propose a methodological framework, termed shot-wise, which enables the distribution of shots for a single circuit across multiple QPUs. Our framework features customizable policies to adapt to various scenarios. Additionally, it introduces a calibration method to pre-evaluate the accuracy and reliability of each QPU\u2019s output before the actual distribution process and an incremental execution mechanism for dynamically managing the shot allocation and policy updates. Such an approach enables flexible and fine-grained management of the distribution process, taking into account various user-defined constraints and (contrasting) objectives. Demonstration results show that shot-wise distribution consistently and significantly improves the execution performance, with no significant drawbacks and additional qualitative advantages. Overall, the shot-wise methodology improves result stability and often outperforms single QPU runs, offering a robust and flexible approach to managing variability in quantum computing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17110507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T12:13:08Z","timestamp":1762258388000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distributing Quantum Computations, Shot-Wise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1187-8391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bisicchia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Quercus Software Engineering Group, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7705-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)\u2014Sezione di Pisa, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Garcia-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quercus Software Engineering Group, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quercus Software Engineering Group, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4341-9357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"D\u2019Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)\u2014Sezione di Pisa, Universit\u00e0 di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2048-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Brogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1666-5","article-title":"Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor","volume":"574","author":"Arute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06096-3","article-title":"Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance","volume":"618","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-023-02247-5","article-title":"Electron charge qubit with 0.1 millisecond coherence time","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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