{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:58:00Z","timestamp":1765285080383,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cGenAI\u201d assistants are gradually being integrated into daily tasks and learning, but their uptake is no less contingent on perceptions of credibility or safety than on their capabilities per se. The current study hypothesizes and tests its proposed two-road construct consisting of two interface-level constructs, namely perceived transparency (PT) and perceived safety\/guardrails (PSG), influencing \u201cbehavioral intention\u201d (BI) both directly and indirectly, via the two socio-cognitive mediators trust in automation (TR) and psychological reactance (RE). Furthermore, we also provide formulations for the evaluative lenses, namely perceived usefulness (PU) and \u201cperceived risk\u201d (PR). Employing survey data with a sample of 365 responses and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with bootstrap techniques in SMART-PLS 4, we discovered that PT is the most influential factor in BI, supported by TR, with some contributions from PSG\/PU, but none from PR\/RE. Mediation testing revealed significant partial mediations, with PT only exhibiting indirect-only mediated relationships via TR, while the other variables are nonsignificant via reactance-driven paths. To uncover non-linearity and non-compensation, a Stage 2 multilayer perceptron was implemented, confirming the SEM ranking, complimented by an importance of variables and sensitivity analysis. In practical terms, the study\u2019s findings support the primacy of explanatory clarity and the importance of clear rules that are rigorously obligatory, with usefulness subordinated to credibility once the latter is achieved. The integration of SEM and ANN improves explanation and prediction, providing valuable insights for policy, managerial, or educational decision-makers about the implementation of GenAI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17120566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:42:43Z","timestamp":1765284163000},"page":"566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Explainability, Safety Cues, and Trust in GenAI Advisors: A SEM\u2013ANN Hybrid Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2444-9796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Balaskas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala Campus, 65404 Kavala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Stamatiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6369-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Androulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Xie, W., Xie, Q., Hu, A., Qiao, Y., Wan, R., and Liu, Y. (2025). A Systematic Review of User Attitudes Toward GenAI: Influencing Factors and Industry Perspectives. J. Intell., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence13070078"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., and Li, Z. (2025). Investigating the Factors Influencing Users\u2019 Adoption of Artificial Intelligence Health Assistants Based on an Extended UTAUT Model. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01897-0"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"439","article-title":"AI Transformation and AI Adoption Intention in B2B Environment","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Glob. Sch. Mark. Sci. Bridg. Asia World"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1177\/02666669241257206","article-title":"Acceptance and Use of Artificial Intelligence and AI-Based Applications in Education: A Meta-Analysis and Future Direction","volume":"41","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-05116-z","article-title":"AI Algorithm Transparency, Pipelines for Trust Not Prisms: Mitigating General Negative Attitudes and Enhancing Trust toward AI","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Madaio, M., Kane, S., Kapania, S., Terry, M., and Wilcox, L. (2023, January 19). Designing Responsible AI: Adaptations of UX Practice to Meet Responsible AI Challenges. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems-Proceedings, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581278"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2025.102291","article-title":"From Passive to Active: How Does Algorithm Awareness Affect Users\u2019 News Seeking Behavior on Digital Platforms","volume":"100","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"56","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review of Attitudes, Intentions and Behaviours of Teaching Academics Pertaining to AI and Generative AI (GenAI) in Higher Education: An Analysis of GenAI Adoption Using the UTAUT Framework","volume":"40","author":"Nikolic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Australas. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2024.100546","article-title":"How Whatsappization of the Chatbot Affects Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, and Attitude toward Using in a Drive-Sharing Task","volume":"16","author":"Halutz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Human. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Chen, C., Gong, X., Liu, Z., Jiang, W., Goh, S.Q., and Lam, K.Y. (2025). Trustworthy, Responsible, and Safe AI: A Comprehensive Architectural Framework for AI Safety with Challenges and Mitigations. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1108\/IJRDM-05-2022-0163","article-title":"Using Chatbots in E-Retailing\u2013How to Mitigate Perceived Risk and Enhance the Flow Experience","volume":"51","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scharowski, N., Perrig, S.A.C., Svab, M., Opwis, K., and Br\u00fchlmann, F. (2023). Exploring the Effects of Human-Centered AI Explanations on Trust and Reliance. Front. Comput. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1151150"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrath, M.J., Lack, O., Tisch, J., and Duenser, A. (2025). Measuring Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Validation of an Established Scale and Its Short Form. Front. Artif. Intell., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2025.1582880"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., and Li, Y. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Decision-Making Transparency and Employees\u2019 Trust: The Parallel Multiple Mediating Effect of Effectiveness and Discomfort. Behav. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12050127"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2023.100011","article-title":"\u201cTo Comply or to React, That Is the Question:\u201d The Roles of Humanness versus Eeriness of AI-Powered Virtual Influencers, Loneliness, and Threats to Human Identities in AI-Driven Digital Transformation","volume":"1","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Human. Behav. Artif. Hum."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heatherly, M., Baker, D.A., and Canfield, C. (2023). Don\u2019t Touch That Dial: Psychological Reactance, Transparency, and User Acceptance of Smart Thermostat Setting Changes. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289017"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2025.2485319","article-title":"How Autonomy of Artificial Intelligence Technology and User Agency Influence AI Perceptions and Attitudes: Applying the Theory of Psychological Reactance","volume":"69","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Broadcast. Electron. Media"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25031","article-title":"Investigating the Acceptance Intentions of Online Shopping Assistants in E-Commerce Interactions: Mediating Role of Trust and Effects of Consumer Demographics","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, X., Pan, L., Xu, M., and Chen, Q. (2025). Escaping from the Echo Chamber: Understanding User Behavior from the Perspective of Psychological Reactance Theory. Inf. Technol. People, 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-08-2024-0984"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2313921","article-title":"Evaluating Trust in Recommender Systems: A User Study on the Impacts of Explanations, Agency Attribution, and Product Types","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2371690","article-title":"How Organizational Electronic Performance Monitoring Affects Employee Proactive Behaviors: The Psychological Reactance Perspective","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78994","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3294569","article-title":"A Review of Trustworthy and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","volume":"11","author":"Chamola","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Zhang, H., and Du, Z. (2025, January 23\u201325). Factors Influencing College Students\u2019 Willingness to Use Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools\u2014Based on the UTAUT Model. Proceedings of the 2025 11th International Conference on Education and Training Technologies, ICETT 2025, Macao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETT66247.2025.11136950"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naveed, S., Stevens, G., and Robin-Kern, D. (2024). An Overview of the Empirical Evaluation of Explainable AI (XAI): A Comprehensive Guideline for User-Centered Evaluation in XAI. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.0098.v1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2024.12.001","article-title":"Enhancing Transparency and Trust in AI-Powered Manufacturing: A Survey of Explainable AI (XAI) Applications in Smart Manufacturing in the Era of Industry 4.0\/5.0","volume":"11","author":"Nikiforidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102551","article-title":"The Effects of Explainability and Causability on Perception, Trust, and Acceptance: Implications for Explainable AI","volume":"146","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Human. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, X., Zhou, H., and Chen, S. (2025). A Replication of Explaining Why the Computer Says No: Algorithmic Transparency Affects the Perceived Trustworthiness of Automated Decision-Making. Public. Adm.","DOI":"10.1111\/padm.70015"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schor, B.G.S., Norval, C., Charlesworth, E., and Singh, J. (2024, January 11). Mind The Gap: Designers and Standards on Algorithmic System Transparency for Users. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems-Proceedings, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642531"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grani\u0107, A. (2025). Emerging Drivers of Adoption of Generative AI Technology in Education: A Review. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15136968"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Yu, R. (2025). Exploring the Factors on the Acceptance of Generative Artificial Intelligence Teaching Assistants: The Perspective of Technology Acceptance Model. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2025.2513581"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C. (2025). Understanding Factors Influencing Generative AI Use Intention: A Bayesian Network-Based Probabilistic Structural Equation Model Approach. Electronics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14030530"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balaskas, S., Tsiantos, V., Chatzifotiou, S., and Rigou, M. (2025). Determinants of ChatGPT Adoption Intention in Higher Education: Expanding on TAM with the Mediating Roles of Trust and Risk. Information, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/info16020082"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108460","article-title":"What Drives AI-Based Risk Information-Seeking Intent? Insufficiency of Risk Information versus (Un)Certainty of AI Chatbots","volume":"162","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Human. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theis, S., Jentzsch, S., Deligiannaki, F., Berro, C., Raulf, A.P., and Bruder, C. (2023). Requirements for Explainability and Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence in Collaborative Work. Artificial Intelligence in HCI, Springer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-35891-3_22"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Florentin, G., Mvondo, N., and Niu, B. (2024). Exploring User Acceptance of Portable Intelligent Personal Assistants: A Hybrid Approach Using PLS-SEM And FsQCA. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Blazquez, V., and Oh, T. (2024). Determinants of Generative AI System Adoption and Usage Behavior in Korean Companies: Applying the UTAUT Model. Behav. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14111035"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"RAI Guidelines: Method for Generating Responsible AI Guidelines Grounded in Regulations and Usable by (Non-)Technical Roles","volume":"8","author":"Constantinides","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3331846","article-title":"Towards Human-Centered Explainable AI: A Survey of User Studies for Model Explanations","volume":"46","author":"Rong","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2070107","article-title":"Integrating Transparency, Trust, and Acceptance: The Intelligent Systems Technology Acceptance Model (ISTAM)","volume":"38","author":"Vorm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03842-4","article-title":"Generative AI as a Catalyst for HRM Practices: Mediating Effects of Trust","volume":"11","author":"Prasad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12482","article-title":"Perceived Algorithmic Fairness: An Empirical Study of Transparency and Anthropomorphism in Algorithmic Recruiting","volume":"34","author":"Ochmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13441-8","article-title":"Students\u2019 Behavioural Intention to Use Content Generative AI for Learning and Research: A UTAUT Theoretical Perspective","volume":"30","author":"Yakubu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13662-x","article-title":"Unraveling the Influential Factors Driving Persistent Adoption of ChatGPT in Learning Environments","volume":"30","author":"Moghavvemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5550418","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5550418","article-title":"Transparency Enhances Positive Perceptions of Social Artificial Intelligence","volume":"2023","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-023-00640-9","article-title":"Explanation Matters: An Experimental Study on Explainable AI","volume":"33","author":"Hamm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11063-025-11732-2","article-title":"Recent Emerging Techniques in Explainable Artificial Intelligence to Enhance the Interpretable and Understanding of AI Models for Human","volume":"57","author":"Mathew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Process Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.22048","article-title":"Perceived Brand Transparency: A Conceptualization and Measurement Scale","volume":"41","author":"Montecchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1108\/JCM-04-2024-6806","article-title":"Anthropomorphism and Transparency Interplay on Consumer Behaviour in Generative AI-Driven Marketing Communication","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Consum. Mark."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20220","article-title":"Al The Adoption of Conversational Assistants in the Banking Industry: Is the Perceived Risk a Moderator?","volume":"9","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22750","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22750","article-title":"The Impact of a Chatbot Working as an Assistant in a Course for Supporting Student Learning and Engagement","volume":"32","author":"Roca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabero-Almenara, J., Palacios-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Rojas Guzm\u00e1n, H.d.l.\u00c1., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Scagliusi, V. (2025). Prediction of the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Through ChatGPT Among Costa Rican University Students: A PLS Model Based on UTAUT2. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15063363"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomas, F., and Immerzeel, J. (2025). Chatbots in Eyewitness Interviews: Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use Drive Intent to Use Conversational Agent. J. Crim. Psychol.","DOI":"10.1108\/JCP-11-2024-0110"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10662","article-title":"Continuance Intention to Use Artificial Intelligence Personal Assistant: Type, Gender, and Use Experience","volume":"8","author":"Jo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salih, L., Tarhini, A., and Acikgoz, F. (2025). AI-Enabled Service Continuance: Roles of Trust and Privacy Risk. J. Comput. Inf. Syst., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2025.2452544"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, D.Y., and Kim, H. (2023). Determinants of Intentions to Use Digital Mental Healthcare Content among University Students, Faculty, and Staff: Motivation, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Parasocial Interaction with AI Chatbot. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010872"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marjerison, R.K., Dong, H., Kim, J.M., Zheng, H., Zhang, Y., and Kuan, G. (2025). Understanding User Acceptance of AI-Driven Chatbots in China\u2019s E-Commerce: The Roles of Perceived Authenticity, Usefulness, and Risk. Systems, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13020071"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, K.H., and Lee, J.H. (2021). The Emergence of Service Robots at Restaurants: Integrating Trust, Perceived Risk, and Satisfaction. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084431"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6437441","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6437441","article-title":"A Trust Scale for Human-Robot Interaction: Translation, Adaptation, and Validation of a Human Computer Trust Scale","volume":"2022","author":"Pinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J. (2024). Exploring College Students\u2019 Resistance to Mandatory Use of Sports Apps: A Psychological Reactance Theory Perspective. Front. Psychol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1366164"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Z., Han, J., Liu, J., and Guan, W. (2025). Short-Form Video Addiction of Students with Hearing Impairments: The Roles of Demographics, Parental Psychological Control, and Psychological Reactance. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-06832-w"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.2462","article-title":"Exploring the \u2018Dark Side\u2019 of AI-Powered Digital Assistants: A Moderated Mediation Model of Antecedents and Outcomes of Perceived Creepiness","volume":"24","author":"Maduku","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Consum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-018-09613-8","article-title":"Do Not Cross Me: Optimizing the Use of Cross-Sectional Designs","volume":"34","author":"Spector","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"2006","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Study Design and Data Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Olsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Coll. Entr. Exam. Board"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13331","article-title":"Cross-sectional Studies\u2013What Are They Good For?","volume":"97","author":"Kesmodel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"35","article-title":"Design-Based or Prediction-Based Inference? Stratified Random vs Stratified Balanced Sampling","volume":"67","author":"Brewer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. Stat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Ding, C.S., Haieh, C.T., Wu, Q., and Pedram, M. (1996, January 10\u201314). Stratified Random Sampling for Power Estimation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Aided Design, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"253","article-title":"The Advantage and Disadvantage of Implicitly Stratified Sampling","volume":"13","author":"Lynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Data Anal. A J. Quant. Methods Surv. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12131","article-title":"Minimum Sample Size Estimation in PLS-SEM: The Inverse Square Root and Gamma-exponential Methods","volume":"28","author":"Kock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"i-xx","article-title":"Sample Size for Survey Research: Review and Recommendations","volume":"4","author":"Memon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"42","article-title":"Sample Size Determination for Survey Research and Non-Probability Sampling Techniques: A Review and Set of Recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Entrep. Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Tolsdorf, J., Luo, A.F., Kodwani, M., Eum, J., Mazurek, M.L., and Aviv, A.J. (2025). Safety Perceptions of Generative AI Conversational Agents: Uncovering Perceptual Differences in Trust, Risk, and Fairness, USENIX Association."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51086","DOI":"10.2196\/51086","article-title":"AI Hesitancy and Acceptability\u2014Perceptions of AI Chatbots for Chronic Health Management and Long COVID Support: Survey Study","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, F., M\u00fcnscher, J.C., Daseking, M., and Telle, N.T. (2024). The Technology Acceptance Model and Adopter Type Analysis in the Context of Artificial Intelligence. Front. Artif. Intell., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2024.1496518"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joitmc.2024.100327","article-title":"Examining Awareness, Social Influence, and Perceived Enjoyment in the TAM Framework as Determinants of ChatGPT. Personalization as a Moderator","volume":"10","author":"Abdalla","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100246","article-title":"Integrating the Adapted UTAUT Model with Moral Obligation, Trust and Perceived Risk to Predict ChatGPT Adoption for Assessment Support: A Survey with Students","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-07-2015-0302","article-title":"Mediation Analysis in Partial Least Squares Path Modeling: Helping Researchers Discuss More Sophisticated Models","volume":"116","author":"Nitzl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmal.2022.100027","article-title":"Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in Second Language and Education Research: Guidelines Using an Applied Example","volume":"1","author":"Hair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Methods Appl. Linguist."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202","article-title":"PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet","volume":"19","author":"Hair","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mark. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Techniques Using SmartPLS","volume":"24","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mark. Bull."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452","article-title":"Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It","volume":"63","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM: A Full Collinearity Assessment Approach","volume":"11","author":"Kock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. e-Collab. (Ijec)"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Vinzi, V.E., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J., and Wang, H. (2010). Handbook of Partial Least Squares, Springer."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"295","article-title":"The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"295","author":"Chin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mod. Methods Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"5","article-title":"A Practical Guide to Factorial Validity Using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and Annotated Example","volume":"16","author":"Gefen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2307\/25148667","article-title":"Why Should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice","volume":"29","author":"Wasko","year":"2005","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00143613","article-title":"Assessing Construct Structural Validity of Epidemiological Measurement Tools: A Seven-Step Roadmap","volume":"30","author":"Reichenheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarstedt, M., Henseler, J., and Ringle, C.M. (2011). Multigroup Analysis in Partial Least Squares (PLS) Path Modeling: Alternative Methods and Empirical Results. Measurement and Research Methods in International Marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1108\/S1474-7979(2011)0000022012"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M., and Hair, J.F. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Handbook of Market Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57413-4_15"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-10-2013-0128","article-title":"Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): An Emerging Tool in Business Research","volume":"26","author":"Hair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preacher, K.J., and Hayes, A.F. (2008). Assessing Mediation in Communication Research. The Sage Sourcebook of Advanced Data Analysis Methods for Communication, SAGE.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452272054.n2"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2016.06.003","article-title":"Bootstrapping and PLS-SEM: A Step-by-Step Guide to Get More out of Your Bootstrap Results","volume":"34","author":"Streukens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00503-w","article-title":"Hybrid Artificial Neural Network and Structural Equation Modelling Techniques: A Survey","volume":"8","author":"Albahri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complex. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soomro, R.B., Memon, S.G., Dahri, N.A., Al-Rahmi, W.M., Aldriwish, K., Salameh, A., Al-Adwan, A.S., and Saleem, A. (2024). The Adoption of Digital Technologies by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises for Sustainability and Value Creation in Pakistan: The Application of a Two-Staged Hybrid SEM-ANN Approach. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16177351"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-11-2021-0671","article-title":"An SEM-ANN Analysis of the Impacts of Blockchain on Competitive Advantage","volume":"123","author":"Leong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.067","article-title":"A Two-Staged SEM-Neural Network Approach for Understanding and Predicting the Determinants of m-Commerce Adoption","volume":"40","author":"Chong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2012.08.009","article-title":"A SEM-Neural Network Approach for Understanding Determinants of Interorganizational System Standard Adoption and Performances","volume":"54","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Decis. Support. Syst."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, S., Qiao, Y., Yan, X., Anwar, A., Hao, T., and Rana, S. (2022). Digital Students\u2019 Satisfaction with and Intention to Use Online Teaching Modes, Role of Big Five Personality Traits. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.956281"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-018-0592-1","article-title":"SEM\u2013ANN Based Research of Factors\u2019 Impact on Extended Use of ERP Systems","volume":"27","author":"Kalinic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidayat-Ur-Rehman, I., Alzahrani, S., Rehman, M.Z., and Akhter, F. (2022). Determining the Factors of M-Wallets Adoption. A Twofold SEM-ANN Approach. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262954"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.10.100","article-title":"A Hybrid SEM-ANN Model for Predicting Overall Rework Impact on the Performance of Bridge Construction Projects","volume":"46","author":"Elseufy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structures"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/12\/566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:55:32Z","timestamp":1765284932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/17\/12\/566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["fi17120566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi17120566","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]}}}