{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:32:38Z","timestamp":1782534758614,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Malaysian National Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2024\/TK07\/UKM\/02\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2024\/TK07\/UKM\/02\/5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The anticipated transition from 5G to 6G is driven not by incremental performance demands but by a widening mismatch between emerging application requirements and the capabilities of existing cellular systems. Despite rapid progress across 3GPP Releases 15\u201320, the current literature lacks a unified analysis that connects these standardization milestones to the concrete technical gaps that 6G must resolve. This study addresses this omission through a cross-release, application-driven review that traces how the evolution from enhanced mobile broadband to intelligent, sensing integrated networks lays the foundation for three core 6G service pillars: immersive communication (IC), everything connected (EC), and high-precision positioning. By examining use cases such as holographic telepresence, cooperative drone swarms, and large-scale Extended Reality (XR) ecosystems, this study exposes the limitations of today\u2019s spectrum strategies, network architectures, and device capabilities and identifies the performance thresholds of Tbps-level throughput, sub-10 cm localization, sub-ms latency, and 10 M\/km2 device density that next-generation systems must achieve. The novelty of this review lies in its synthesis of 3GPP advancements in XR, the non-terrestrial network (NTN), RedCap, ambient Internet of Things (IoT), and consideration of sustainability into a cohesive key performance indicator (KPI) framework that links future services to the required architectural and protocol innovations, including AI-native design and sub-THz operation. Positioned against global initiatives such as Hexa-X and the Next G Alliance, this paper argues that 6G represents a fundamental redesign of wireless communication advancement in 5G, driven by intelligence, adaptability, and long-term energy efficiency to satisfy diverse uses cases and requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi18010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T13:59:54Z","timestamp":1769003994000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Synthetizing 6G KPIs for Diverse Future Use Cases: A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Standards, Technologies, and Societal Needs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0298-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujat","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8514-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Abu-Samah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8579-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of AI Convergence Electronic Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9254-2023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosdiadee","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Cities Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia"},{"name":"Future Cities Research Institute, Lancaster University, Lancanster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nauman","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2655-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Sani","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1317-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umawathy","family":"Techanamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9288-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manzareen","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Karachi 75330, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Fadzilah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holma, H., Toskala, A., and Nakamura, T. 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