{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:10:13Z","timestamp":1770225013581,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents PLAM (Plovdiv Air Monitoring)\u2014a regional multi-agent platform for air quality monitoring, semantic reasoning, and forecasting. The platform uses a hybrid architecture that combines two types of intelligent agents: classic BDI (Belief-Desire-Intention) agents for complex, goal-oriented behavior and planning, and ReAct agents based on large language models (LLM) for quick response, analysis, and interaction with users. The system integrates data from heterogeneous sources, including local IoT sensor networks and public external services, enriching it with a specialized OWL ontology of environmental norms. Based on this data, the platform performs comparative analysis, detection of anomalies and inconsistencies between measurements, as well as predictions using machine learning models. The results are visualized and presented to users via a web interface and mobile application, including personalized alerts and recommendations. The architecture demonstrates essential properties of an intelligent agent such as autonomy, proactivity, reactivity, and social capabilities. The implementation and testing in the city of Plovdiv demonstrate the system\u2019s ability to provide a more objective and comprehensive assessment of air quality, revealing significant differences between measurements from different institutions. The platform offers a modular and adaptive design, making it applicable to other regions, and outlines future development directions, such as creating a specialized small language model and expanding sensor capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi18020078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:03:29Z","timestamp":1770113009000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Building a Regional Platform for Monitoring Air Quality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3854-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanimir Nedyalkov","family":"Stoyanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 4027 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies Sofia, acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyan Lyubomirov","family":"Belichev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 4027 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0617-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veneta Veselinova","family":"Tabakova-Komsalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 4027 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies Sofia, acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yordan Georgiev","family":"Todorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 4027 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies Sofia, acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel Atanasov","family":"Golev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 4027 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies Sofia, acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgi Kostadinov","family":"Maglizhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 4027 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1939-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan Stanimirov","family":"Stoyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0129-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asya Georgieva","family":"Stoyanova-Doycheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 4027 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoyanov, S., Doychev, E., Stoyanova-Doycheva, A., Tabakova-Komsalova, V., Stoyanov, I., and Nedelchev, I. 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