{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T08:13:20Z","timestamp":1780560800703,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In recent years, virtual consultations have emerged as a crucial approach for continuity of chronic care provision, indicating a promising avenue for the future of smart healthcare systems. However, reversions to in-person care highlight persistent limitations, despite notable advantages of remote modalities. In parallel, recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) indicate the potential to enhance remote chronic care, but user perceptions of such assistance and the corresponding human factors remain underexplored. Objective: This mixed methods study aims to better understand the virtual consultation experiences and attitudes toward AI-assisted tools in remote care among patients with noncommunicable chronic conditions and their healthcare professionals (HCPs). It conducts an in-depth examination of the associated human\u2013computer interaction and usability elements of virtual consultations and of potential AI assistance. Methods: Public and Patient Involvement was integrated to run pilots and refine documentations. Semi-structured interviews with patients (n = 10), focus groups with HCPs (n = 15), and an online survey (n = 83) were conducted. Qualitative data was analysed through a reflexive thematic approach. The survey comprised the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ) and bespoke items on user AI views, and the data was used to triangulate the qualitative findings. Nonparametric Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests and \u03b52 effect sizes compared TUQ and AI views scores between current and former virtual consultation user groups. Results: Seven themes emerged from the qualitative data, which were supported by the quantitative findings. The statistical analyses resulted in a mean TUQ total score of 90.6 (SD = 15.0), which indicates high usability and user satisfaction; however, they failed to detect a difference between groups (p &gt; 0.05; \u03b52 = 0.002\u20130.032). There was a clear preference for hybrid models, while a lack of empathy was identified during remote interactions. While a notable proportion of users indicated a literacy gap towards AI use in healthcare settings, they expressed cautious openness towards AI assistance, contingent upon transparency, human oversight, and data integrity; indicating a potential gap between competence to judge the technology and willingness to use it. Significant differences in views on AI assistance across groups failed to be detected (p &gt; 0.05; \u03b52 = 0.005\u20130.065). Conclusions: Virtual consultations for chronic conditions are widely usable and acceptable, particularly through hybrid approaches. Addressing empathic engagement, holistic patient status, and transparent AI integration can enhance clinical quality and user experiences during remote interactions. However, the low statistical power and failure to detect a difference between groups (likely due to the small sample size) indicate the need for caution when interpreting the quantitative findings. There is also the implicit need to address potential AI literacy gap among users, indicating the need for robust safeguard measures. This study has also identified evidence-based assistive AI features that can potentially enhance virtual consultations. These insights can inform the co-design of evidence-based virtual care platforms, policies and supportive AI tools to sustain remote chronic care delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi18020084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1770209516000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["User Perceptions of Virtual Consultations and Artificial Intelligence Assistance: A Mixed Methods Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-4874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranavsingh","family":"Dhunnoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Letterkenny Campus, Atlantic Technological University, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland"},{"name":"The Medical Futurist Institute, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"McGuigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"O\u2019Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business, Letterkenny Campus, Atlantic Technological University, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7005-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertalan","family":"Mesk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Medical Futurist Institute, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Letterkenny Campus, Atlantic Technological University, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48920","DOI":"10.2196\/48920","article-title":"The impact of virtual consultations on the quality of primary care: Systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Khan, M., Freeman, S., Adam, K., and Betkus, G. (2017). The evolution of telehealth. Mobile e-Health, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60672-9_8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa067","article-title":"Telehealth transformation: COVID-19 and the rise of virtual care","volume":"27","author":"Wosik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Jain, S., Macon, C., and Patton, K. (2025, December 30). Telehealth Demand: An Update After the COVID-19 Pandemic. Trilliant Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.trillianthealth.com\/market-research\/studies\/telehealth-demand-an-update-four-years-after-the-onset-of-the-covid-19-pandemic."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Armitage, R. (2025, December 30). Are Video\/Online Appointments Becoming More Popular Among Patients? BJGP Life. Available online: https:\/\/bjgplife.com\/are-video-online-appointments-becoming-more-popular-among-patients\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47173","DOI":"10.2196\/47173","article-title":"Low adoption of video consultations in post\u2013COVID-19 general practice in northern Europe: Barriers to use and potential action points","volume":"25","author":"Hvidt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutledge, G.W., and Wood, J.C. (2020). Virtual health and artificial intelligence: Using technology to improve healthcare delivery. Human-Machine Shared Contexts, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820543-3.00008-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1677897","article-title":"Role of artificial intelligence within the telehealth domain","volume":"28","author":"Kuziemsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yearb. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-00324-0","article-title":"The state of artificial intelligence-based FDA-approved medical devices and algorithms: An online database","volume":"3","author":"Benjamens","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-023-01474-3","article-title":"Fairness of artificial intelligence in healthcare: Review and recommendations","volume":"42","author":"Ueda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7797","article-title":"Unintended consequences of machine learning in medicine","volume":"318","author":"Cabitza","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0272-7","article-title":"Privacy in the age of medical big data","volume":"25","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Fennelly, O. (2025, December 30). HSE Telehealth Roadmap 2024\u20132027: Building Blocks for the Embedding & Expansion of Telehealth. Health Service Executive. Available online: https:\/\/healthservice.hse.ie\/staff\/procedures-guidelines\/digital-health\/hse-telehealth-roadmap-2024-2027\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37445","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.37445","article-title":"Telehealth in response to the rural health disparity","volume":"10","author":"Kolluri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Central Statistics Office (2025, December 30). Census of Population 2022 Profile 1\u2014Population Distribution and Movements. CSO Statistical Publication. Available online: https:\/\/www.cso.ie\/en\/releasesandpublications\/ep\/p-cpp1\/censusofpopulation2022profile1-populationdistributionandmovements\/populationdistribution\/."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1364","article-title":"Community virtual ward (CVW+ cRR) proof-of-concept examining the feasibility and functionality of partnership-based alternate care pathway for COPD patients-empowering patients to become partners in their disease management","volume":"5","author":"Doherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Heal. Care Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53266","DOI":"10.2196\/53266","article-title":"Evaluation of telemedicine consultations using health outcomes and user attitudes and experiences: Scoping review","volume":"26","author":"Dhunnoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.0091","article-title":"Development and clinical evaluation of an artificial intelligence support tool for improving telemedicine photo quality","volume":"159","author":"Vodrahalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1695","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2023.0648","article-title":"Telemedicine-enhanced lung cancer screening using mobile computed tomography unit with remote artificial intelligence assistance in underserved communities: Initial results of a population cohort study in Western China","volume":"30","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"338","article-title":"Addressing the challenges of AI-based telemedicine: Best practices and lessons learned","volume":"1","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2023.0041","article-title":"Smartphone eye examination: Artificial intelligence and telemedicine","volume":"30","author":"Vilela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Dhunnoo, P., Mesk\u00f3, B., O\u2019Rourke, V., McGuigan, K., and McCann, M. (2024). Protocol for a Mixed-methods Investigation of Patient Healthcare Professional\u2019s Perceptions of Virtual Consultations Artificial Intelligence Assistance. OSF."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12976","article-title":"Patient and public involvement in doctoral research: Impact, resources and recommendations","volume":"23","author":"Coupe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Expect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhunnoo, P., Wetzlmair, L.-C., and O\u2019Carroll, V. (2024). Extended reality therapies for anxiety disorders: A systematic review of patients\u2019 and healthcare professionals\u2019 perspectives. Sci, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/sci6020019"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhunnoo, P., Mesk\u00f3, B., O\u2019rOurke, V., McGuigan, K., and McCann, M. (2024, January 29\u201330). Towards Enhanced Virtual Chronic Care: Artificial Intelligence-Human Computer Interaction Integration in Synchronous Virtual Consultations. Proceedings of the Intelligent Systems Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-66329-1_2"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860819887638","article-title":"Clinicians\u2019 experiences with remote patient monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: A semi-structured interview study","volume":"40","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07684-1","article-title":"Patient perceptions of a remote assessment pathway in otology: A qualitative descriptive analysis","volume":"280","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0528-y","article-title":"Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research","volume":"42","author":"Palinkas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adm. Policy Ment. Health Ment. Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"34","article-title":"How to specify the participant group size for usability studies: A practitioner\u2019s guide","volume":"5","author":"Macefield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Usability Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35028","DOI":"10.2196\/35028","article-title":"Telemedicine preparedness among older adults with chronic illness: Survey of primary care patients","volume":"6","author":"Ufholz","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2033967","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.33967","article-title":"Medical oncology professionals\u2019 perceptions of telehealth video visits","volume":"4","author":"Heyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055207619871808","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207619871808","article-title":"Acceptability of artificial intelligence (AI)-led chatbot services in healthcare: A mixed-methods study","volume":"5","author":"Nadarzynski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1408","article-title":"Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research","volume":"20","author":"Fusch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000057","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2018-000057","article-title":"Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: A balance of relationship and rigour","volume":"7","author":"DeJonckheere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fam. Med. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2017.1281601","article-title":"Comparing focus groups and individual interviews: Findings from a randomized study","volume":"20","author":"Guest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., Davey, L., and Jenkinson, E. (2023). Doing reflexive thematic analysis. Supporting Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Research, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-13942-0_2"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388","article-title":"Standards for reporting qualitative research: A synthesis of recommendations","volume":"89","author":"Ilene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J.A. (2024). Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods, SAGE Publications Ltd.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781036232764"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45812","DOI":"10.2196\/45812","article-title":"General practitioners\u2019 experiences with potentials and pitfalls of video consultations in Norway during the COVID-19 lockdown: Qualitative analysis of free-text survey answers","volume":"25","author":"Norberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad231","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad231","article-title":"Geriatric care physicians\u2019 perspectives on providing virtual care: A reflexive thematic synthesis of their online survey responses from Ontario, Canada","volume":"53","author":"Chuen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20552076231180682","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231180682","article-title":"Exploring patient participation during video consultations: A qualitative study","volume":"9","author":"Bavngaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3126\/nje.v12i1.43633","article-title":"The growing importance of mixed-methods research in health","volume":"12","author":"Wasti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nepal J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c94","DOI":"10.1159\/000312871","article-title":"Selection bias and information bias in clinical research","volume":"115","author":"Tripepi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5195\/ijt.2016.6196","article-title":"Development of the telehealth usability questionnaire (TUQ)","volume":"8","author":"Parmanto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Telerehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajesmaeel-Gohari, S., and Bahaadinbeigy, K. (2021). The most used questionnaires for evaluating telemedicine services. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01407-y"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.09.004","article-title":"When power analyses based on pilot data are biased: Inaccurate effect size estimators and follow-up bias","volume":"74","author":"Albers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2023.100368","article-title":"Usability of telehealth among healthcare providers during COVID-19 pandemic in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq","volume":"5","author":"Kasim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayed, S.H., Aldailami, D.A., El Aziz, M.M.A., and Elsayed, E.A. (2025). Perceived Telehealth Usability for Personalized Healthcare Among the Adult Population in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Post-COVID-19 Era. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13010062"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noceda, A.V.G., Acierto, L.M.M., Bertiz, M.C.C., Dionisio, D.E.H., Laurito, C.B.L., Sanchez, G.A.T., and Loreche, A.M. (2023). Patient satisfaction with telemedicine in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed methods study. BMC Health Serv. Res., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09127-x"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-023-02811-1","article-title":"Patient perspectives of telehealth for fertility care: A national survey","volume":"40","author":"Lersten","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62742","DOI":"10.2196\/62742","article-title":"Assessing the Usability and Effectiveness of an AI-Powered Telehealth Platform: Mixed Methods Study on the Perspectives of Patients and Providers","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Form. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkaabi, A., and Elsori, D. (2025). Navigating digital frontiers in UAE healthcare: A qualitative exploration of healthcare professionals\u2019 and patients\u2019 experiences with AI and telemedicine. PLoS Digit. Health, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000586"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Rea, L.M., and Parker, R.A. (2014). Designing and Conducting Survey Research: A Comprehensive Guide, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldakhil, R., Greenfield, G., Lammila-Escalera, E., Laranjo, L., Hayhoe, B.W.J., Majeed, A., and Neves, A.L. (2025). The impact of virtual consultations on quality of care for patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol.","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968251316585"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21609","DOI":"10.2196\/21609","article-title":"Virtual consultations and the role of technology during the COVID-19 pandemic for people with type 2 diabetes: The UK perspective","volume":"22","author":"Quinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"100066","article-title":"Agreement and reliability of clinician-in-clinic versus patient-at-home clinical and functional assessments: Implications for telehealth services","volume":"2","author":"Keating","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.09.014","article-title":"Agreement between telehealth and in-person assessment of patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions presenting to an advanced-practice physiotherapy screening clinic","volume":"38","author":"Cottrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076818769477","article-title":"Effects of empathic and positive communication in healthcare consultations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"Howick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecinn.2022.100065","article-title":"Empathy in patient-clinician interactions when using telecommunication: A rapid review of the evidence","volume":"1","author":"Budd","year":"2022","journal-title":"PEC Innov."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459319891213","article-title":"Information technologies in healthcare: Enhancing or dehumanising doctor\u2013patient interaction?","volume":"25","author":"Botrugno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43303","DOI":"10.2196\/43303","article-title":"Therapeutic relational connection in telehealth: Concept analysis","volume":"25","author":"Duffy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19245","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19245","article-title":"Telehealth satisfaction among patients with chronic diseases: A cross-sectional analysis","volume":"13","author":"Hendy","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpbup.2024.100147","article-title":"An evaluation of the commonly used portable medical sensors performance in comparison to clinical test results for telehealth systems","volume":"5","author":"Maruf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. Update"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhp.2023.200307","article-title":"The relationship between chronic diseases and mental health: A cross-sectional study","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ment. Health Prev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/15228835.2012.760332","article-title":"How psychological telehealth can alleviate society\u2019s mental health burden: A literature review","volume":"31","author":"Perle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Technol. Hum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00852-5","article-title":"An integrative review on the acceptance of artificial intelligence among healthcare professionals in hospitals","volume":"6","author":"Lambert","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00509-1","article-title":"Patient apprehensions about the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare","volume":"4","author":"Richardson","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znac020","article-title":"Unrealistic optimism about treatment risks for acute appendicitis","volume":"109","author":"Rosen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Surgery."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD (2023). The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Future of Telemedicine, OECD Publishing. OECD Health Policy Studies.","DOI":"10.1787\/ce44c755-en"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2024.105152","article-title":"The EU artificial intelligence act (2024): Implications for healthcare","volume":"149","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"5","article-title":"Co-creation and the new landscapes of design","volume":"4","author":"Sanders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Co-Design"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phuong, J., Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, P., Cao, J., Moukheiber, M., Moukheiber, L., Caspi, A., Swenor, B.K., Naawu, D.K., and Mankoff, J. (2023). Telehealth and digital health innovations: A mixed landscape of access. PLoS Digit. Health, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000401"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anawati, A., Fleming, H., Mertz, M., Bertrand, J., Dumond, J., Myles, S., Leblanc, J., Ross, B., Lamoureux, D., and Patel, D. (2024). Artificial intelligence and social accountability in the Canadian health care landscape: A rapid literature review. PLoS Digit. Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000597"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.5573","article-title":"Co-design for people-centred care digital solutions: A literature review","volume":"21","author":"Sanz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Care."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1017\/S204579602100038X","article-title":"Uncovering survivorship bias in longitudinal mental health surveys during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Czeisler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/18\/2\/84\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:57:33Z","timestamp":1770209853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/18\/2\/84"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["fi18020084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi18020084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]}}}