{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T09:20:59Z","timestamp":1771579259011,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The adoption of blockchain-based smart contracts for the trading of goods and services promises greater transparency, automation, and trustlessness, but also raises challenges related to payment integration and modularity. While business analysts (BAs) can express business logic and control flow using BPMN and decision rules using DMN, payment tasks that involve concrete transfers (on-chain, off-chain, cross-chain, or hybrid) require careful implementation by developers due to platform-specific constraints and semantic richness. To address this separation of concerns, we introduce a methodology within the context of the smart contract-as-a-service (SCaaS) approach that supports (1) identifying and mapping generic payment tasks in BPMN to pre-deployed payment smart contracts, (2) augmenting BPMN models with matching payment fragments from a pattern repository, and (3) automatically transforming the augmented models into smart contracts that invoke the appropriate payment services. Our approach builds on prior work in automated BPMN-to-smart contract transformation using Discrete Event\u2013Hierarchical State Machine (DE-HSM) multi-modal modeling to capture process semantics and nested transactions, while enabling payment service reuse, extensibility, and the separation of concerns. We illustrate this methodology via representative use cases spanning conventional, DeFi, and cross-chain payments, and discuss the implications for modular contract deployment and maintainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi18020110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:50:03Z","timestamp":1771577403000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Payment Rails in Smart Contract as a Service (SCaaS) Solutions from BPMN Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4121-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Bodorik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Jutla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobey School of Business, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"523","article-title":"Designing secure Ethereum smart contracts: A finite state machine based approach","volume":"Volume 10957","author":"Mavridou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC)"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100285","article-title":"Automated mechanism to support trade transactions in smart contracts with upgrade and repair","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blockchain: Res. 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