{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:29:53Z","timestamp":1783546193033,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an indoor firefighter mission, coordination and communication support are of the utmost importance. We present our experience from over five years of research with current firefighter support technology. In contrast to some large scale emergency response research, our work is focused on the frontline interaction between teams of firefighters and the incident commander on a single site. In this paper we investigate the flaws in firefighter communication systems. Frequent technical failures and the high cognitive costs incurred by communicating impede coordination. We then extract a list of requirements for an assistant emergency management technology from expert interviews. Thirdly, we provide a system concept and explore challenges for building a novel firefighter support system based on our previous work. The system has three key features: robust ad-hoc network, telemetry and text messaging, as well as implicit interaction. The result would provide a complementary mode of communication in addition to the current trunked radio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi5020113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T11:36:50Z","timestamp":1366112210000},"page":"113-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Concept for Support of Firefighter Frontline Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Scholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TecO, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawud","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TecO, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, 53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Sigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Informatics (NII), Tokyo 101-8430, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Dyrks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems and New Media, Universit\u00e4t Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Beigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TecO, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denef, S., Ramirez, L., Dyrks, T., and Stevens, G. (2008, January 25\u201327). Handy Navigation in Ever-Changing Spaces: An Ethnographic Study of Firefighting Practices. Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1145\/1394445.1394465"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fahy, R. (2002). US Fire Service Fatalities in Structure Fires, 1977\u20132000, Technical Report for National Fire Protection Association."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hoffknecht, A., and Kies, S. (2009). Research for Civil Security, The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Security Research Division. Available online: http:\/\/www.landmarke-projekt.de."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez, L., Denef, S., and Dyrks, T. (2009, January 4\u20139). Towards Human-Centered Support for Indoor Navigation. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518893"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Dyrks, T., Ramirez, L., Denef, S., Meyer, D., and Penkert, B. (2009, January 10\u201313). Designing for Firefighters-Building Empathy through Live Action Role-Playing. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez, L., and Dyrks, T. (2010, January 16\u201320). Designing for High Expectations: Balancing Ambiguity and thorough Specification in the Design of a Wayfinding Tool for Firefighters. 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(2011, January 5\u201310). Rigid Structures, Independent Units, Monitoring: Organizing Patterns in Frontline Firefighting. Proceedings of the 2011 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979225"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Yang, Y. (2011). Wireless Sensor Data Processing for On-Site Emergency Response. [Ph.D. Thesis, Loughborough University]."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Santos, M.A., Sousa, L., and Portela, E. (2011, January 8\u201311). Evaluation of a Software Prototype for Supporting Fire Emergency Response. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Donelly, M.K., Davis, W.D., Lawson, J.R., and Selepak, M.J. (2006). 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ActiServ: Activity Recognition Service for Mobile Phones. Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWC.2010.5665868"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385514-5.00003-3","article-title":"SLAM for pedestrians and ultrasonic landmarks in emergency response scenarios","volume":"81","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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