{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:24:24Z","timestamp":1760243064804,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to solve the problem of poor real-time performance, low accuracy and high computational complexity in the traditional process of locating and tracking of Direction of Arrival (DOA) of moving targets, this paper proposes a DOA algorithm based on the Direction Lock Loop (DILL) which adopts Lock Loop structure to realize the estimation and location of DOA and can adjust the direction automatically along with the changes of a signal\u2019s angular variation to track the position of the signal. Meanwhile, to reduce the influence of nonlinearity and noise on its performance, the UKF filter is designed for eliminating interference of the estimated target signal to improve accuracy of the signal tracking and stability of the system. Simulation results prove that the algorithm can not only get a high resolution DOA estimate signal, but can also locate and track multiple mobile targets effectively with enhanced accuracy, efficiency and stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi7030214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T10:24:46Z","timestamp":1435314286000},"page":"214-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tracking Positioning Algorithm for Direction of Arrival Based on Direction Lock Loop"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xiu-Zhi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da-Rong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CUMT-IoT Perception Mine Research Center, Xuzhou 221008, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.896067","article-title":"MUSIC algorithm for vector-sensors array using biquaternions","volume":"55","author":"Miron","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.906744","article-title":"Performance of ESPRIT for estimating mixtures of complex exponentials modulated by polynomials","volume":"56","author":"Badeau","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"12","article-title":"Parallel computing algorithm for MUSIC spatial spectrum estimation","volume":"34","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"132","article-title":"Research of the Increase of Smart Antenna DOA Estimate Veracity","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"334","article-title":"Coherent DiLL for Direction of Arrival Estimation","volume":"1","author":"Seo","year":"2002","journal-title":"2002 6th Int. Conf. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"4","article-title":"Research on track estimation based on Kalman filtering algorithm","volume":"31","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transducer Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1985.1103821","article-title":"A stochastic analysis of a modified gain extended Kalman filter with applications to estimation with bearings only measurements","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"408","article-title":"Study on SINS\/GPS Deeply Integrated Navigation Based on Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"71","article-title":"A Locating and Tracking Algorithm Based on UKF","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Detect. Control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2003.823141","article-title":"Unscented filtering and nonlinear estimation","volume":"92","author":"Julier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2003.821215","article-title":"Direction-of-arrival tracking scheme for DS\/CDMA systems: Direction lock loop","volume":"3","author":"Min","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Min, S.Y., Lee, K.B., and Lee, Y.-H. (2002, January 21). Direction of arrival estimation algorithm: Direction lock loop. Proceedings of CDMA International Conference, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Liberti, J.C., and Rappaport, T.S. (2002). Smart Antenna in Wireless Communication: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Application, Mechanical Industry Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Tracking algorithm for multiple spatial targets based on direction lock loop","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. (Eng. Sci.)"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/7\/3\/214\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:27Z","timestamp":1760215707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/7\/3\/214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["fi7030214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi7030214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]]}}}