{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:19:00Z","timestamp":1760242740811,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]],"date-time":"2016-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the interest in delay\/disruption tolerant networking (DTN) is growing as a means of communication in times of disaster. To ensure that a DTN works well in an emergency, it is desirable to promote general use of the DTN, so that it will also be used in normal times. Since the DTN uses mobile terminals and vehicles, which are not dedicated network devices, as relay nodes, the routing method should be such that it does not impose a large processing load on relay nodes. This paper considers use of a DTN for a day-to-day service of delivering content to a specific area and proposes a new routing method that is based on information about the routes of fixed-route traveling nodes, such as public transportation vehicles. The destination of a bundle is specified not by a terminal identifier, but by an area, which is identified by its location information. This paper presents an outbound-type bundle protocol, which is used by relay nodes when they have received a forwarding-bundle request from a sending terminal and try to determine whether the bundle can reach its destination area. Using simulation, the superiority of the proposed routing was confirmed by comparing it to existing routing methods in terms of the bundle arrival rate and factors that affect the network load, such as the number of bundle copies, the number of hops and the maximum required buffer size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi8020015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]],"date-time":"2016-04-27T12:22:05Z","timestamp":1461759725000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Routing Based on Information about the Routes of Fixed-Route Traveling Nodes and on Destination Areas Aimed at Reducing the Load on the DTN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Science Major, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji-shi 192-8577, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5703-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Takami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Science Major, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji-shi 192-8577, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2006.91","article-title":"When TCP breakers: Delay and Disruption-Tolerant Networking","volume":"10","author":"Farrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Delay tolerant networking technology: The latest trends and prospects","volume":"2011","author":"Tsuru","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEICE Commun. Soc. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Akiyama, Y., and Kobayasi, A. (2013, January 4\u20136). A Protocol and the Prototype to communicate with a communication blackout region based on DTN architecture. Proceedings of the IPSJ and IEICE, Forum Information Technology (FIT2013), RO-015, Tottori, Japan."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3390\/fi7020152","article-title":"Receiver-triggered handshake protocol for DTN in disaster area","volume":"7","author":"Yamashita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trono, E.M., Arakawa, Y., Tamai, M., and Yasumoto, K. (2015, January 20\u201322). DTN MapEx: Disaster Area Mapping through Distributed Computing over a Delay Tolerant Network. Proceedings of the Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous Networking (ICMU), Hakodate, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMU.2015.7061063"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Vahdat, A., and Becker, D. (2000). Epidemic Routing for Partially-Connected Ad Hoc Networks, Duke University. Technical Report CS-2000-06."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spyropoulos, T., Psounis, K., and Raghavendra, C.S. (2005, January 22\u201326). Spray and Wait: An Efficient Routing Scheme for Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1080139.1080143"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"LeBrun, J., Chuah, C., Ghosal, D., and Zhang, M. (June, January 30). Knowledge-Based Opportunistic Forwarding in Vehicular Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2005-Spring), Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Ammar, M., and Zegura, E. (2004, January 24\u201326). A Message Ferrying Approach. 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Fusion"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2375340","article-title":"DTN protocols for vehicular networks: An application oriented overview","volume":"17","author":"Tornell","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Scott, K., and Burleigh, S. Bundle Protocol Specification. Available online: http:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc5050."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Scenargie Simulator. Available online: https:\/\/www.spacetime-eng.com\/jp\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Open Street Map. Available online: http:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"KEIO bus-navi.com. Available online: http:\/\/transfer.navitime.biz\/bus-navi\/pc\/diagram\/BusDiagramTop."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/8\/2\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:22:55Z","timestamp":1760210575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/8\/2\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["fi8020015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi8020015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]]}}}