{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T07:50:19Z","timestamp":1771833019991,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Data is currently one of the most important assets for companies in every field. The continuous growth in the importance and volume of data has created a new problem: it cannot be handled by traditional analysis techniques. This problem was, therefore, solved through the creation of a new paradigm: Big Data. However, Big Data originated new issues related not only to the volume or the variety of the data, but also to data security and privacy. In order to obtain a full perspective of the problem, we decided to carry out an investigation with the objective of highlighting the main issues regarding Big Data security, and also the solutions proposed by the scientific community to solve them. In this paper, we explain the results obtained after applying a systematic mapping study to security in the Big Data ecosystem. It is almost impossible to carry out detailed research into the entire topic of security, and the outcome of this research is, therefore, a big picture of the main problems related to security in a Big Data system, along with the principal solutions to them proposed by the research community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi8030044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T10:04:28Z","timestamp":1472724268000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Main Issues in Big Data Security"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Julio","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alarcos Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alarcos Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alarcos Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mayer-Sch\u00f6nberger, V., and Cukier, K. (2013). Big Data: A Revolution that Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagiroglu, S., and Sinanc, D. (2013, January 20\u201324). Big data: A review. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CTS.2013.6567202"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2014.07.006","article-title":"The rise of \u201cbig data\u201d on cloud computing: Review and open research issues","volume":"47","author":"Hashem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S. (2015, January 17\u201320). Rise of Big Data and related issues. Proceedings of the 2015 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), New Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON.2015.7443346"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2013.771783","article-title":"The rise of Big Data: What does it mean for education, technology, and media research?","volume":"38","author":"Eynon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Learn. Media Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.05.040","article-title":"Special issue on Security, Privacy and Trust in network-based Big Data","volume":"318","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thuraisingham, B. (2015, January 2\u20134). Big data security and privacy. Proceedings of the 5th ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2699026.2699136"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Rijmenam, V. (2014). Think Bigger: Developing a Successful Big Data Strategy for Your Business, Amacom."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Big Data Working Group, and Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Expanded Top Ten Big Data Security and Privacy. Available online: https:\/\/downloads.cloudsecurityalliance.org\/initiatives\/bdwg\/Expanded_Top_Ten_Big_Data_Security_and_Privacy_Challenges.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"146","article-title":"Big data management: Concepts, techniques and challenges","volume":"50","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-013-0489-0","article-title":"Big data: A survey","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.A.-U.-D., Uddin, M.F., and Gupta, N. (2014, January 3\u20135). Seven V\u2019s of Big Data understanding Big Data to extract value. Proceedings of the 2014 Zone 1 Conference of the American Society for Engineering (ASEE Zone 1 2014), Bridgeport, CT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASEEZone1.2014.6820689"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2013.07.007","article-title":"Is \u201cBig Data\u201d creepy?","volume":"29","author":"Cumbley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Law Secur. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Dijcks, J.P. (2012). Oracle White Paper, Oracle Corporation."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minelli, M., Chambers, M., and Dhiraj, A. (2013). Big Data, Big Analytics: Emerging Business Intelligence and Analytic Trends for Today\u2019s Businesses, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118562260"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demchenko, Y., De Laat, C., and Membrey, P. (2014, January 19\u201323). Defining architecture components of the Big Data Ecosystem. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS 2014), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CTS.2014.6867550"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kumaresan, A. (2015). Knowledge Management in Organizations, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Helen, S., and Peter, H. (2012). Oracle Information Architecture: An Architect\u2019s Guide to Big Data, Oracle Corporation."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Apache Hadoop. Available online: http:\/\/hadoop.apache.org\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cackett, D. (2013). Oracle."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shvachko, K., Kuang, H., Radia, S., and Chansler, R. (2010, January 3\u20137). The Hadoop distributed file system. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 26th Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST2010), Incline Village, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSST.2010.5496972"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.14778\/1920841.1920903","article-title":"The performance of mapreduce: An indepth study","volume":"3","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. VLDB Endow."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1145\/1327452.1327492","article-title":"MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters","volume":"51","author":"Dean","year":"2004","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11416-014-0236-5","article-title":"A token-based authentication security scheme for Hadoop distributed file system using elliptic curve cryptography","volume":"11","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Virol. Hacking Tech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2010.12.011","article-title":"Using mapping studies as the basis for further research\u2014A participant-observer case study","volume":"53","author":"Kitchenham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rekha, H.S., Prakash, C., and Kavitha, G. (2014, January 18\u201321). Understanding Trust and Privacy of Big Data in Social Networks\u2014A Brief Review. Proceedings of the 2014 3rd International Conference on Eco-Friendly Computing and Communication Systems (ICECCS 2014), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/Eco-friendly.2014.103"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcss.2014.02.006","article-title":"A security framework in G-Hadoop for big data computing across distributed Cloud data centres","volume":"80","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2014.08.008","article-title":"Accessing medical image file with co-allocation HDFS in cloud","volume":"43\u201344","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"224","article-title":"Towards a trusted HDFS storage platform: Mitigating threats to Hadoop infrastructures using hardware-accelerated encryption with TPM-rooted key protection","volume":"19","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., and Wang, D. (2013, January 13\u201315). NCluster: Using Multiple Active Name Nodes to Achieve High Availability for HDFS. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications & 2013 IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (HPCC_EUC), Zhangjiajie, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC.and.EUC.2013.329"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meye, P., Raipin, P., Tronel, F., and Anceaume, E. (2014, January 21\u201325). Mistore: A distributed storage system leveraging the DSL infrastructure of an ISP. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS), Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCSim.2014.6903694"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azeem, M.A., Sharfuddin, M., and Ragunathan, T. (2014, January 9\u201311). Support-based replication algorithm for cloud storage systems. Proceedings of the 7th ACM India Computing Conference, Nagpur, India.","DOI":"10.1145\/2675744.2675757"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.05.062","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Improving Security and Storage Efficiency on HDFS","volume":"52","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.3574","article-title":"Efficient group key management for secure big data in predictable large-scale networks","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.05.034","article-title":"Obtain confidentiality or\/and authenticity in Big Data by ID-based generalized signcryption","volume":"318","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"9","article-title":"The Widening Gulf between Genomics Data Generation and Consumption: A Practical Guide to Big Data Transfer Technology","volume":"9","author":"Frank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinf. Biol. Insights"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, M., Cho, A., Jang, M., and Chang, J.W. (2015, January 9\u201312). A data encryption scheme and GPU-based query processing algorithm for spatial data outsourcing. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Big Data and Smart Computing (BIGCOMP), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/35021BIGCOMP.2015.7072832"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Stephen, J.J., Savvides, S., Seidel, R., and Eugster, P. (2014, January 15\u201319). Program analysis for secure big data processing. Proceedings of the 29th ACM\/IEEE international conference on Automated software engineering, Vasteras, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdr.2015.08.001","article-title":"Privacy Aware Access Control for Big Data: A Research Roadmap","volume":"2","author":"Colombo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Big Data Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulusoy, H., Colombo, P., Ferrari, E., Kantarcioglu, M., and Pattuk, E. (2015, January 14\u201317). GuardMR: Fine-grained Security Policy Enforcement for MapReduce Systems. Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/2714576.2714624"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kepner, J., Gadepally, V., Michaleas, P., Schear, N., Varia, M., Yerukhimovich, A., and Cunningham, R.K. (2014, January 9\u201311). Computing on masked data: A high performance method for improving big data veracity. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC), Waltham, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPEC.2014.7040946"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quan, Z., Xiao, D., Wu, D., Tang, C., and Rong, C. (2013, January 9\u201311). TSHC: Trusted Scheme for Hadoop Cluster. Proceedings of the 2013 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Intelligent Data and Web Technologies (EIDWT), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIDWT.2013.66"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuzu, M., Islam, M.S., and Kantarcioglu, M. (2015, January 2\u20134). Distributed Search over Encrypted Big Data. Proceedings of the 5th ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2699026.2699116"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"221","article-title":"Scalable multidimensional anonymization algorithm over big data using map reduce on public cloud","volume":"74","author":"Irudayasamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Mantelero, A., and Vaciago, G. (2014). Cyber Crime and Cyber Terrorism Investigator\u2019s Handbook, Syngress."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estivill-Castro, V., Hough, P., and Islam, M.Z. (2014, January 27\u201330). Empowering users of social networks to assess their privacy risks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2014.7004287"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Ren, H., Wang, S., and Li, H. (2014, January 8\u20139). Differential privacy data Aggregation Optimizing Method and application to data visualization. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Workshop on Electronics, Computer and Applications (IWECA 2014), Ottawa, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2015.2425798","article-title":"Privacy or Utility in Data Collection? A Contract Theoretic Approach","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Proc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2015.7122469","article-title":"Secure big data storage and sharing scheme for cloud tenants","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Weber, A.S. (2014). Smart Digital Futures, IOS Press."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thilakanathan, D., Calvo, R., Chen, S., and Nepal, S. (2013, January 3\u20135). Secure and controlled sharing of data in distributed computing. Proceedings of the 16th IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE 2013), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSE.2013.125"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.785","article-title":"Secure transmission for big data based on nested sampling and coprime sampling with spectrum efficiency","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2014.08.007","article-title":"External integrity verification for outsourced big data in cloud and IoT","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wei, J., Srivatsa, M., Duan, Y., and Du, W. (2013, January 6\u20139). IntegrityMR: Integrity assurance framework for big data analytics and management applications. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Silicon Valley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2013.6691780"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C., and Squicciarini, A. (2015, January 4\u20137). Towards provenance-based anomaly detection in MapReduce. Proceedings of the 2015 15th IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGrid.2015.16"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2014.53","article-title":"Enhancing big data security with collaborative intrusion detection","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.07.012","article-title":"Towards a Big Data system disaster recovery in a Private Cloud","volume":"35","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/8\/3\/44\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:29:50Z","timestamp":1760210990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/8\/3\/44"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["fi8030044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi8030044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-5903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]}}}