{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:12:05Z","timestamp":1760242325969,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advancements in information and communication technologies have enhanced our possibilities to communicate worldwide, eliminating borders and making it possible to interact with people coming from other cultures like never happened before. Such powerful tools have brought us to reconsider our concept of privacy and social involvement in order to make them fit into this wider environment. It is possible to claim that the information and communication technologies (ICT) revolution is changing our world and is having a core role as a mediating factor for social movements (e.g., Arab spring) and political decisions (e.g., Brexit), shaping the world in a faster and shared brand new way. It is then interesting to explore how the perception of this brand new environment (in terms of social engagement, privacy perception and sense of belonging to a community) differs even in similar cultures separated by recent historical reasons. Recent historical events may in effect have shaped a different psychological representation of Participation, Privacy and Sense of Community in ICT environments, determining a different perception of affordances and concerns of these complex behaviors. The aim of this research is to examine the relation between the constructs of Sense of Community, Participation and Privacy compared with culture and gender, considering the changes that have occurred in the last few years with the introduction of the web environment. A questionnaire, including ad hoc created scales for Participation and Privacy, have been administered to 180 participants from Turkey and Italy. In order to highlight the cultural differences in the perception of these two constructs, we have provided a semantic differential to both sub-samples showing interesting outcomes. The results are then discussed while taking into account the recent history of both countries in terms of the widespread of new technologies, political actions and protest movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi9020011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T10:49:53Z","timestamp":1491562193000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Participation and Privacy Perception in Virtual Environments: The Role of Sense of Community, Culture and Gender between Italian and Turkish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0203-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Guazzini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy"},{"name":"Center for the Study of Complex Dynamics (CSDC), University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ay\u00e7a","family":"Sara\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, \u00c7ukurova University, Balcali, Adana 01330, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camillo","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3485-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Vilone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABSS (Laboratory of Agent Based Social Simulation), Institute of Cognitive Science and Technology, National Research Council (CNR), Via Palestro 32, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Departamento de Matem\u00e1ticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2002-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Meringolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(92)90081-J","article-title":"Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates","volume":"22","author":"Dunbar","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460902960289","article-title":"The social brain hypothesis and its implications for social evolution","volume":"36","author":"Dunbar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). Ecological Systems Theory, Jessica Kingsley Publishers."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1","volume":"9","author":"Prensky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horizon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2013.03.003","article-title":"Egocentric online social networks: Analysis of key features and prediction of tie strength in Facebook","volume":"36","author":"Arnaboldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2012.08.003","article-title":"Ego network models for future internet social networking environments","volume":"35","author":"Passarella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodsky, A.E., Loomis, C., and Marx, C.M. (2002). Expanding the conceptualization of PSOC. Psychological Sense of Community, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0719-2_16"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodsky, A.E., and Marx, C.M. (2011). Layers of Identity: Multiple Psychological Senses of Community within a Community Setting. Psykhe, 13.","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-22282004000200015"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Sarason, S.B. (1974). The Psychological Sense of Community: Prospects for a Community Psychology, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.10.002","article-title":"Testing a model of sense of virtual community","volume":"24","author":"Blanchard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Sense of community: A definition and theory","volume":"14","author":"McMillan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20459","article-title":"Sense of community and interethnic relations: Comparing local communities varying in ethnic heterogeneity","volume":"39","author":"Castellini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Blanchard, A.L., and Markus, M.L. (2002, January 7\u201310). Sense of virtual community-maintaining the experience of belonging. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2005.03.001","article-title":"Feelings of alienation and community among higher education students in a virtual classroom","volume":"8","author":"Rovai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2005.03.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of collaborative learning in face-to-face and computer-supported university contexts","volume":"22","author":"Francescato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.09.002","article-title":"Developing professional skills and social capital through computer supported collaborative learning in university contexts","volume":"65","author":"Francescato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cicognani, E., Albanesi, C., Zani, B., Mazzoni, D., Bertocchi, A., and Villano, P. (2011, January 11\u201312). Civic and political participation across generations in Italy: A qualitative study. Proceedings of the Bologna PIDOP Conference 2011, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkenfeld, B., Lauckhardt, J., and Torney-Purta, J. (2010). The relation between developmental theory and measures of civic engagement in research on adolescents. Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470767603.ch8"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Klandermans, B., and Staggenborg, S. (2002). Methods of Social Movement Research, U. of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.3.646","article-title":"Collective identification and social movement participation","volume":"74","author":"Simon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1300\/J293v10n01_03","article-title":"Healing and empowering through community narrative","volume":"10","author":"Rappaport","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prev. Hum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, M.A. (2000). Empowerment theory. Handbook of Community Psychology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4193-6_2"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164744","article-title":"The long-run benefits of punishment","volume":"322","author":"Renner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177418","article-title":"Positive interactions promote public cooperation","volume":"325","author":"Rand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-937X.2010.00608.x","article-title":"Choosing the carrot or the stick? Endogenous institutional choice in social dilemma situations","volume":"77","author":"Sutter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/483039a","article-title":"Social science: Carrot or stick?","volume":"483","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2014.11.002","article-title":"An efficient and easily deployable method for dealing with DoS in SIP services","volume":"57","author":"Tsiatsikas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/idpl\/ipq003","article-title":"Privacy: The new generations","volume":"1","author":"Tene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Data Priv. Law"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Web Search Query Privacy, an End-User Perspective J","volume":"8","author":"Mivule","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Shi, D., and Xu, X. (2015). AIB-OR: Improving Onion Routing Circuit Construction Using Anonymous Identity-Based Cryptosystems. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121226"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Pfitzmann, A., and Hansen, M. (2017, April 07). A Terminology for Talking About Privacy by Data Minimization: Anonymity, Unlinkability, Undetectability, Unobservability, Pseudonymity, And Identity Management. Available online: http:\/\/www.maroki.de\/pub\/dphistory\/2010_Anon_Terminology_v0.34.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Song, Z., Hao, C., and Daqing, Z. (2013, January 17\u201319). Empirical study on users\u2019 participation behavior in SNS based on theory of perceived risks and involvement degree. Proceedings of the 2013 10th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), IEEE, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0908-100","article-title":"The end of privacy?","volume":"299","author":"Solove","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Altman, I. (1975). The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, and Crowding, Brooks\/Cole Pub. Co."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1006\/jevp.1997.0049","article-title":"Psychological functions of privacy","volume":"17","author":"Pedersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1993.9713942","article-title":"Privacy dimensions and preferences among Turkish students","volume":"133","author":"Rustemli","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(02)00087-7","article-title":"Cross-cultural differences in the perception of crowding and privacy regulation: American and Turkish students","volume":"23","author":"Kaya","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.11.075","article-title":"Effects of security and privacy concerns on educational use of cloud services","volume":"45","author":"Arpaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1964.66.3.02a00880","article-title":"Semantic differential technique in the comparative study of Cultures","volume":"66","author":"Osgood","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, S.C., Wang, H., and Shao, J. (2007). Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781584889830"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2004.09.001","article-title":"The classroom and school community inventory: Development, refinement, and validation of a self-report measure for educational research","volume":"7","author":"Rovai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Internet High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9095-2","article-title":"Social support, sense of community in school, and self-efficacy as resources during early adolescence: An integrative model","volume":"39","author":"Vieno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.81.591","article-title":"Statistical physics of social dynamics","volume":"81","author":"Castellano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2016.06.082","article-title":"The Peace Mediator effect: Heterogeneous agents can foster consensus in continuous opinion models","volume":"462","author":"Vilone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cecconi, F. (2016). New Frontiers in the Study of Social Phenomena, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23938-5"}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/9\/2\/11\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:32:12Z","timestamp":1760207532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/9\/2\/11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["fi9020011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi9020011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]}}}