{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:16:10Z","timestamp":1760242570345,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Future Internet"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multimedia services will play a prominent role in the next generation of internet. With increasing real time requirements, internet technology has to provide Quality of Service (QoS) for various kinds of real time streaming services. When the bandwidth required exceeds the available network resources, network paths can get congested, which results in a delay in packet delivery and packet loss. This situation leads to the design of new strategies for congestion avoidance and control. One of the popular and appropriate congestion control mechanisms that is useful in transmitting multimedia applications in the transport layer is TCP Friendly Rate Control Protocol (TFRC). However, TFRC still suffers from packet loss and delay due to long distance heavy traffic and network fluctuations. This paper introduces a number of key concerns like enhanced Round Trip Time (RTT) and Retransmission Time Out (RTO) calculations, Enhanced Average Loss Interval (ALI) methods and improved Time to Live (TTL) features are applied to TFRC to enhance the performance of TFRC over wired networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fi9040074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T16:01:19Z","timestamp":1509552079000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficient Traffic Engineering Strategies for Improving the Performance of TCP Friendly Rate Control Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nalavala","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur 515001, AndhraPradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pakanati","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur 515001, AndhraPradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mokkala","family":"Padmavathamma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jacobson, V. (1988, January 26\u201330). Congestion Avoidance and Control. Proceedings of the ACM Sigcomm, Scanford, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floyd, S., Handley, M., Padhye, J., and Widmer, J. (September, January 28). Equation-based congestion control for unicast applications. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2000, Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1145\/347059.347397"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/65.642356","article-title":"Wide-area Internet traffic patterns and characteristics","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floyd, S., Henderson, T., and Gurtov, A. (2004). The New Reno Modification to TCP\u2019s Fast Recovery Algorithm. IETF.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3782"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Floyd, J.P.S., Handley, M., Padhe, J., and Widmer, J. (2008). Protocol Specification: TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC), IETF."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"26","article-title":"Streaming Video over TFRC with Linear Throughput Equation","volume":"1","author":"Chodorek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Vasallo, P.R. (2000). Variable Packet Size Equation-Based Congestion Control, ICSI. ICSI Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Fu, C.P., and Li, V.O.K. (2007, January 16\u201319). TFRCVeno: An enhancement of TCP friendly rate control protocol over wired\/wireless networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2007.4375852"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Improving the Start-up Performance of the TFRC Protocol","volume":"56","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Arjuna, S., and Fairhurst, G. (2006, January 14\u201315). Use of quick start for improving the performance of TFRC-SP over satellite networks. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Satellite and Space Communications, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Li, M., and Lee, C. (2004, January 8\u201310). Emmanuel Agu, Mark Claypool, and Robert Kinicki, Performance enhancement of TFRC in wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems (DMS), San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S., Woo, H., and Lee, J. (2003, January 12\u201314). ATFRC: Adaptive TCP Friendly Rate Control Protocol. Proceedings of the ICOIN, Cheju Island, South Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-45235-5_17"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Nahm, K., and Kuo, C.-J. (2004, January 27\u201330). Design and performance evaluation of TCP-friendly thin-layerd video multicast scheme. Proceedings of the IEEE ICME 2004, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Nahm, K., and Kuo, C.-J. (2004, January 23\u201326). Low-variance TCP-friendly throughput estimation for congestion control of layered video multicast. Proceedings of the ISCAS 2004, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2949","article-title":"Performance Enhancement of TCP Friendly Rate Control Protocol over Wired networks","volume":"6","author":"Reddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Reddy, N.R., Reddy, P.C., and Padmavathama, M. (2017). An Enhanced Queue Management Scheme for TFRC over Wired Networks. Int. J. Intell. Eng. Syst., 10."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Sleurs, K., Lil, E.V., and de Capelle, A.V. (2008, January 12\u201314). Improving TFRC Performance against Bandwidth Change during Handovers. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, ICWCNM 2008, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiCom.2008.1072"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., and Chung, K. (2012, January 15\u201317). Enhanced TFRC to improve the quality of multimedia streaming service. Proceedings of the International Conference on ICT Convergence, Jeju Island, South Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2012.6386863"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2298\/CSIS150122044U","article-title":"S-TFRC: An Efficient Rate Control Scheme for Multimedia Handovers","volume":"13","author":"Ullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2012.101712.121314","article-title":"A New Receiver-Based Retransmission Scheme with TFRC","volume":"16","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2014.000055","article-title":"Enhanced TFRC for high quality video streaming over high bandwidth delay product networks","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z., Zhang, Y., and Zhou, M. (2015, January 12\u201315). Enhanced TFRC congestion control mechanism based on refined network states division. Proceedings of the IEEE China Summit and International Conference on Signal and Information Processing, ICSIP, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ChinaSIP.2015.7230542"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2015.2469075","article-title":"Media-Friendly and TCP-Friendly Rate Control Protocols for Multimedia Streaming","volume":"26","author":"Sterca","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"859","article-title":"Coupling Loss and Delay Differentiation to Enhance TCP Performance within Wireless Multi-hop Ad-hoc Networks","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1145\/359340.359342","article-title":"A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems","volume":"21","author":"Rivest","year":"1978","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9904-1910-01892-9","article-title":"Note on a new number theory function","volume":"16","author":"Carmichael","year":"1910","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Math. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanjaneyareddy, N., Reddy, P.C., and Padmavathamma, M. (2016, January 6\u20137). Study the effect of Carmichael function on RSA. Proceedings of the SmartCom 2016, Jaipur, India.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3433-6_90"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Srinivasan, R., Liang, C., and Ramamritham, K. (1998, January 4). Maintaining Temporal Coherency of Virtual Data Warehouses. Proceedings of the IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11265-006-0021-x","article-title":"Improving Web Server Performance with Adaptive Proxy Caching in Soft Real-time Mobile Applications","volume":"47","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. VLSI Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Future Internet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/9\/4\/74\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:49:09Z","timestamp":1760208549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-5903\/9\/4\/74"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["fi9040074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fi9040074","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-5903"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-5903"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]}}}