{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:56Z","timestamp":1760147576533,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26285047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26285047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Games"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine whether attitudes toward risk and altruism are affected by being in a group or being alone. In contrast to previous economic research on group decision-making, we excluded the effects of group informal discussions, which are thought to be a \u201cblack box\u201d when individuals make decisions in a group. In this regard, the subjects in our experiment were only requested to show their faces to the other members, without further communication. Moreover, we adopted two collective decision rules, i.e., the median rule and the random rule, which provide the truth-telling mechanism. In the experiments of both anonymous investment and donation, we found that the subjects who made decisions in a group offered significantly lower amounts than those who made decisions alone, after controlling for individuals\u2019 risk and altruistic preferences. The findings imply that people are more risk-averse and self-interested when they are in a group, regardless of which collective decision rules are adopted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/g14010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T04:32:58Z","timestamp":1676262778000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk-Averse and Self-Interested Shifts in Groups in Both Median and Random Rules"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Kamijo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishi-Waseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teruyuki","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Political Science and Economics, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Tokyo 151-8677, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stoner, J.A.F. 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