{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T19:48:53Z","timestamp":1766951333141,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Games"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Intergroup Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma with Intragroup Power Dynamics (IPD^2) is a new game paradigm for studying human behavior in conflict situations. IPD^2 adds the concept of intragroup power to an intergroup version of the standard Repeated Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma game. We conducted a laboratory study in which individual human participants played the game against computer strategies of various complexities. The results show that participants tend to cooperate more when they have greater power status within their groups. IPD^2 yields increasing levels of mutual cooperation and decreasing levels of mutual defection, in contrast to a variant of Intergroup Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma without intragroup power dynamics where mutual cooperation and mutual defection are equally likely. We developed a cognitive model of human decision making in this game inspired by the Instance-Based Learning Theory (IBLT) and implemented within the ACT-R cognitive architecture. This model was run in place of a human participant using the same paradigm as the human study. The results from the model show a pattern of behavior similar to that of human data. We conclude with a discussion of the ways in which the IPD^2 paradigm can be applied to studying human behavior in conflict situations. In particular, we present the current study as a possible contribution to corroborating the conjecture that democracy reduces the risk of wars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/g2010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T11:09:56Z","timestamp":1297163396000},"page":"21-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Intergroup Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma with Intragroup Power Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Ion","family":"Juvina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lebiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolie  M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Decision Making Laboratory, Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cleotilde","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamic Decision Making Laboratory, Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"848","article-title":"Predicting how people play games: Reinforcement learning in experimental games with unique, mixed strategy equilibria","volume":"88","author":"Erev","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. 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