{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:13:10Z","timestamp":1760220790307,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Games"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the relationship between an actor\u2019s beliefs about others\u2019 other-regarding (social) preferences and her own other-regarding preferences, using an \u201cavant-garde\u201d hierarchical Bayesian method. We estimate two distributional other-regarding preference parameters, \u03b1 and \u03b2, of actors using incentivized choice data in binary Dictator Games. Simultaneously, we estimate the distribution of actors\u2019 beliefs about others  \u03b1 and \u03b2, conditional on actors\u2019 own \u03b1 and \u03b2, with incentivized belief elicitation. We demonstrate the benefits of the Bayesian method compared to it\u2019s hierarchical frequentist counterparts. Results show a positive association between an actor\u2019s own (\u03b1; \u03b2 ) and  her beliefs about average(\u03b1; \u03b2) in the population. The association between own preferences and the variance in beliefs about others\u2019 preferences in the population, however, is curvilinear  for \u03b1 and insignificant for \u03b2. These results are partially consistent with the cone effect [1,2] which is described in detail below. Because in the Bayesian-Nash equilibrium concept, beliefs and own preferences are assumed to be independent, these results cast doubt on the application of the Bayesian-Nash equilibrium concept to experimental data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/g4010066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T04:17:01Z","timestamp":1361852221000},"page":"66-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis of Biased Beliefs and Distributional Other-Regarding Preferences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ozan","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICS\/Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Weesie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICS\/Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Iedema, J. 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