{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:13:31Z","timestamp":1771024411607,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Games"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We study three triggers of conflict and explore their resultant emotional reactions in a laboratory experiment. Economists suggest that the primary trigger of conflict is monetary incentives. Social psychologists suggest that conflicts are often triggered by fear. Finally, evolutionary biologists suggest that a third trigger is uncertainty about an opponent\u2019s desire to cause harm. Consistent with the predictions from economics, social psychology, and evolutionary biology, we find that conflict originates from all three triggers. The three triggers differently impact the frequency of conflict, but not the intensity. Also, we find that the frequency and intensity of conflict decrease positive emotions and increase negative emotions and that conflict impacts negative emotions more than positive emotions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/g8020021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]],"date-time":"2017-04-21T04:51:46Z","timestamp":1492750306000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Study of the Triggers of Conflict and Emotional Reactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Caldara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon.com, Inc., 440 Terry Ave. N, Seattle, CA 98109, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of California, 3151 Social Science Plaza, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"McCarter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, University of Texas, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"},{"name":"Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Sheremeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA"},{"name":"Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, 11119 Bellflower Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hobbes, T. 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