{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:45:37Z","timestamp":1782139537996,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41930102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a result of the influence of geographical environment and historical heritage, food preference has significant regional differentiation characteristics. However, the spatial structure of food culture represented by the cuisine culture at the regional level has not yet been explored from the perspective of geography. Cultural regionalization is an important way to analyze and understand the spatial structure of food culture. It is of great significance to deeply mine intra-regional homogeneity and scientifically cognize inter-regional cultural characteristics. This study aims to explore such patterns by focusing on the restaurants of the eight most famous cuisines in Mainland China. Initially, the density based geospatial hotspot detector method is proposed to analyze and mapping the spatial quantitative characteristics of the eight major cuisines. A heuristic method for geographical regionalization based on machine learning was used to analyze spatial distribution patterns in accordance with the proportion of these cuisines in each prefecture-level city. Results show that some types of single-category cuisines have a stronger spatial concentration effect in the present, whereas others have a strong diffusion trend. In the comprehensive analysis of multicategory cuisines, the eight major cuisines formed a new structure of geographical regionalization of Chinese cuisine culture. This study is helpful to understand regional structure characteristics of food preference, and the density-based hotspot detector proposed in this paper can also be used in the analysis of other type of point of interest (POI) data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T04:55:31Z","timestamp":1611032131000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Using Restaurant POI Data to Explore Regional Structure of Food Culture Based on Cuisine Preference"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6920-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shangjing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4485-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Food, Culture and Politics","volume":"1","author":"Floyd","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Study Food Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14649365.2018.1554162","article-title":"Social & Cultural Geography at 20 years: Looking back, thinking forward","volume":"20","author":"Bissell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Cult. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132515570192","article-title":"Food geographies I: Relational foodscapes and the busy-ness of being more-than-food","volume":"40","author":"Goodman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1191\/0309132503ph446pr","article-title":"Geographies of food: Agro-food geographies making reconnections","volume":"27","author":"Winter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2010.03.007","article-title":"Food preferences of Chinese tourists","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132510378335","article-title":"Race in the study of food","volume":"35","author":"Slocum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1163\/15700615-00201005","article-title":"Eating the World: Restaurant Culture in Early Twentieth Century Japan","volume":"2","author":"Cwiertka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. East Asian Stud."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2011.07.011","article-title":"An economic analysis of community-level fast food prices and individual-level fast food intake: A longitudinal study","volume":"17","author":"Guilkey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2015.12.001","article-title":"Fast food restaurant locations according to socioeconomic disadvantage, urban\u2013regional locality, and schools within Victoria, Australia","volume":"2","author":"Thornton","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM-Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1080\/00220389608422442","article-title":"Urban bias in price risk: The geography of food price distributions in low-income economies","volume":"32","author":"Barrett","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-5740.2003.00069.x","article-title":"Food culture as a political tool\u2014meal construction during the Swedish EU-chairmanship 2001","volume":"3","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Serv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2752\/175174415X14180391604369","article-title":"Spectacular Foodscapes","volume":"18","author":"Johnston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercantini, J.-M., and Faucher, C. (2015). The Role of Risk Perception and Political Culture: A Comparative Study of Regulating Genetically Modified Food. Risk and Cognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45704-7"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"65","article-title":"Apple Stack Cake for Dessert: Appalachian Regional Foods","volume":"104","author":"Shortridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"32","article-title":"The Shifting Border of Food Perceptions and Cultural Identity in Maghrebi Muslim Migrants","volume":"5","author":"Giovine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hist. Contemp. Exp. Cult. Mediat. North. Italy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/15528014.2016.1145404","article-title":"Religion, Food, and Eating in North America","volume":"19","author":"Bailey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcs.12423","article-title":"Religious identity, community and religious minorities\u2019 search efforts for religiously sanctioned food: The case of halal food in non-Muslim majority markets","volume":"42","author":"Mumuni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Consum. Stud."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2010.500448","article-title":"Food, Culture and the Environment: Communicating About What We Eat","volume":"4","author":"Opel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0417-5","article-title":"On climate change and cultural geography: Farming on the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, UK","volume":"113","author":"Geoghegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhg.2015.08.010","article-title":"Food and Environment in Early and Medieval China","volume":"53","author":"Sterckx","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hist. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2752\/175174410X12633934463079","article-title":"Divergent Perspectives on Food, Culture, and Health among Hmong Mothers with Middle-School Children","volume":"13","author":"Goto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2752\/175174413X13758634982010","article-title":"McDonaldization without a McDonald\u2019s","volume":"16","author":"Zaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/00167487.2010.12094289","article-title":"Resourcing the food crisis: Geographies of food","volume":"95","author":"Parkinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geography"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/2043820614537161","article-title":"Comparing food security and food sovereignty discourses","volume":"4","author":"Jarosz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dialogues Human Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15022250.2016.1275290","article-title":"Food and tourism synergies: Perspectives on consumption, production and destination development","volume":"17","author":"Andersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Hosp. Tour."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.2188","article-title":"Food tourism subsegments: A data-driven analysis","volume":"20","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"239","article-title":"Characteristics and causes of situational theme restaurant staffs sense of place: A case study of the Taste-Yunnan restaurant in Guangzhou","volume":"67","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1871","article-title":"Reconstructed authenticity in translocal cultural production of food: A case study of Northwest China Cuisine in Guangdong","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-017-1428-y","article-title":"Process and proposal for comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography","volume":"27","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhou, X., Tang, G., Ji, G., Zhang, X., and Xiong, L. (2020). Inference method for cultural diffusion patterns using a field model. Trans. GIS.","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12663"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhou, X., Tang, G., Xiong, L., and Dong, K. (2020). Mining spatial patterns of food culture in China using restaurant POI data. Trans. GIS.","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12682"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810701674970","article-title":"Regionalization with dynamically constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning (REDCAP)","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/10599231.2010.480844","article-title":"The influence of regionalization and cultural distance on the direction of exports","volume":"11","author":"Sherriff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. Bus."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2017.1334878","article-title":"Regionalization in the Yangtze River Delta, China, from the perspective of inter-city daily mobility","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2011.a460653","article-title":"Delineating Europe\u2019s cultural regions: Population structure and surname clustering","volume":"83","author":"Cheshire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashley, B., Taylor, B., Hollows, J., and Jones, S. (2004). Food and Cultural Studies, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203646915"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhou, X., and Huang, Y. (2020). Analysis of Spatial Interaction between Different Food Cultures in South and North China: Practices from People\u2019s Daily Life. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020068"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1969.tb00615.x","article-title":"Regionalization: Theory and Alternative Algorithms","volume":"1","author":"Lankford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2015.1134796","article-title":"Unsupervised regionalization of the United States into landscape pattern types","volume":"30","author":"Niesterowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Qing, L., Guozhao, P., Jun, R., Yanqiu, C., Peng, F., Dazhong, L., Doumin, H., Qiaojuan, H., and Yuanzhi, C. (2008). GIS-based climatic regionalization of potato late blight in mountain areas of Southwest Sichuan. Proc. SPIE, 7145."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Wang, J., Lei, Y., and Huang, X. (2011, January 24\u201326). Risk assessment and regionalization of natural disaster of corn in China based on GIS. Proceedings of the 2011 19th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/GeoInformatics.2011.5981047"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600665111","article-title":"Efficient regionalization techniques for socio-economic geographical units using minimum spanning trees","volume":"20","author":"Neves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Q., Zhang, H., Chen, M., and Chen, C. (2019). Regionalization Analysis and Mapping for the Source and Sink of Tourist Flows. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8070314"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1378","article-title":"Network kernel density estimation for the analysis of facility POI hotspots","volume":"44","author":"Wenhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Mohammed, A.F., and Baiee, W.R. (2014, January 29\u201331). The GIS based Criminal Hotspot Analysis using DBSCAN Technique. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Jakarta, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nisa, K.K., Andrianto, H.A., and Mardhiyyah, R. (2014, January 18\u201319). Hotspot clustering using DBSCAN algorithm and shiny web framework. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information System, Jakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACSIS.2014.7065840"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1145\/304181.304187","article-title":"OPTICS: Ordering points to identify the clustering structure","volume":"28","author":"Ankerst","year":"1999","journal-title":"ACM Sigmod Rec."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1114856","article-title":"Performance evaluation of some clustering algorithms and validity indices","volume":"24","author":"Maulik","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/1\/38\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:12:23Z","timestamp":1760159543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/1\/38"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi10010038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10010038","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202012.0734.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]}}}