{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:44:53Z","timestamp":1760233493199,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010061","name":"University of Waikato","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Doctoral scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Doctoral scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well established that offenders\u2019 routine activity locations (nodes) shape their crime locations, but research examining the geography of offenders\u2019 routine activity spaces has to date largely been limited to a few core nodes such as homes and prior offense locations, and to small study areas. This paper explores the utility of police data to provide novel insights into the spatial extent of, and overlap between, individual offenders\u2019 activity spaces. It includes a wider set of activity nodes (including relatives\u2019 homes, schools, and non-crime incidents) and broadens the geographical scale to a national level, by comparison to previous studies. Using a police dataset including n = 60,229 burglary, robbery, and extra-familial sex offenders in New Zealand, a wide range of activity nodes were present for most burglary and robbery offenders, but fewer for sex offenders, reflecting sparser histories of police contact. In a novel test of the criminal profiling assumptions of homology and differentiation in a spatial context, we find that those who offend in nearby locations tend to share more activity space than those who offend further apart. However, in finding many offenders\u2019 activity spaces span wide geographic distances, we highlight challenges for crime location choice research and geographic profiling practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10020047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T02:07:00Z","timestamp":1611540420000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A National Examination of the Spatial Extent and Similarity of Offenders\u2019 Activity Spaces Using Police Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-4804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Curtis-Ham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Puna Haumaru NZ Institute of Security and Crime Science, Te Kura Whatu Oho Mauri School of Psychology, Te Whare W\u0101nanga o Waikato University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3385-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Bernasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Spatial Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2167-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Medvedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Puna Haumaru NZ Institute of Security and Crime Science, Te Kura Whatu Oho Mauri School of Psychology, Te Whare W\u0101nanga o Waikato University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devon","family":"Polaschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Te Puna Haumaru NZ Institute of Security and Crime Science, Te Kura Whatu Oho Mauri School of Psychology, Te Whare W\u0101nanga o Waikato University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brantingham, P.L., and Brantingham, P.J. 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