{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:54:47Z","timestamp":1779202487082,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013690","name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'\u00c9conomie, de la Science et de l'Innovation - Qu\u00e9bec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC104814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC104814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC104814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC104814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC104814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC104814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobility is fundamental for social participation. Everyone benefits from pedestrian networks for their mobility and daily activities. People without disabilities may have little difficulty walking on narrow sidewalks, over potholes, and so on. However, people with motor disabilities (PWMD) may find it more difficult to deal with such conditions. For PWMD, even routine trips are often fraught with problems, with many different obstacles restricting their mobility and consequently rendering their participation in social and recreational activities difficult. The potential problems and risks associated with mobility for PWMD could be significantly reduced if navigation systems provided them with appropriate accessible routes. These routes should consider PWMD\u2019s personal capabilities as well as sidewalk-network conditions. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for computing a user-specific route for PWMD. Such a route is personalized based on the user\u2019s confidence to deal with obstacles such as slopes, uneven pavement, etc. We show how user reported confidence levels could be used to aggregate sidewalk conditions in a routing model to offer user-specific routes. The proposed methodology was developed using a fuzzy approach and is evaluated by manual wheelchair users in Quebec City.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10020065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1612384311000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["User-Specific Route Planning for People with Motor Disabilities: A Fuzzy Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7743-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Gharebaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Geospatial Data and Intelligence, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3688-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mir-Abolfazl","family":"Mostafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Geospatial Data and Intelligence, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Geospatial Data and Intelligence, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9794-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Fougeyrollas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UN General Assembly (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. GA Res., 61, 106."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noreau, L., Edwards, G., Boucher, N., Routhier, F., Vincent, C., Gascon, G.H., and Fougeyrollas, P. (2015). Enhancing independent community access and participation: Services, technologies, and policies. Oxford Textb. Neurorehabilit., 399\u2013417.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199673711.003.0033"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pr\u00e9mont, M.-\u00c9., Vincent, C., Mostafavi, M.A., and Routhier, F. (2018). Geospatial assistive technologies for wheelchair users: A scoping review of usability measures and criteria for mobile user interfaces and their potential applicability. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol., 1\u201313."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12089","DOI":"10.2196\/12089","article-title":"Mobility and Participation of People with Disabilities Using Mobility Assistive Technologies: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study","volume":"8","author":"Routhier","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916504274016","article-title":"To Walk or Not to Walk? The Hierarchy of Walking Needs","volume":"37","author":"Alfonzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40965-017-0040-5","article-title":"Wheelmap: The wheelchair accessibility crowdsourcing platform","volume":"2","author":"Mobasheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Geospat. Data Softw. Stand."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobasheri, A., Sun, Y., Loos, L., and Ali, A.L. (2017). Are crowdsourced datasets suitable for specialized routing services? Case study of OpenStreetMap for routing of people with limited mobility. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9060997"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mobasheri, A., Huang, H., Degrossi, L., and Zipf, A. (2018). Enrichment of OpenStreetMap Data Completeness with Sidewalk Geometries Using Data Mining Techniques. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020509"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirri, S., Prandi, C., Salomoni, P., Callegati, F., and Campi, A. (2014, January 10\u201312). On Combining Crowdsourcing, Sensing and Open Data for an Accessible Smart City. Proceedings of the 2014 8th International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Apps, Services and Technologies (Ngmast), Oxford, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/NGMAST.2014.59"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/17489720902837936","article-title":"Personalised Routing for Wheelchair Navigation","volume":"3","author":"Kasemsuppakorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Locat. Based Serv."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kasemsuppakorn, P., Karimi, H.A., Ding, D., and Ojeda, M.A. (2014). Understanding route choices for wheelchair navigation. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol., 1\u201313."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-4762.00108","article-title":"Modelling Access with GIS in Urban Systems (MAGUS): Capturing the experiences of wheelchair users","volume":"35","author":"Matthews","year":"2003","journal-title":"Area"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1179\/000870406X93517","article-title":"Mapping for wheelchair users: Route navigation in urban spaces","volume":"43","author":"Beale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashemi, M., and Karimi, H.A. (2016). Collaborative personalized multi-criteria wayfinding for wheelchair users in outdoors. Trans. GIS, 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12230"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12087","article-title":"Measuring the Reliability of Wheelchair User Route Planning based on Volunteered Geographic Infor-mation","volume":"19","author":"Neis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kirschbaum, J.B., Axelson, P.W., Longmuir, P.E., Mispagel, K.M., Stein, J.A., and Yamada, D.A. (2001). Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part 2, Best Practices Design Guide."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.26823","article-title":"The Wheelchair Skills Test: A pilot study of a new outcome measure","volume":"83","author":"Kirby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10109-006-0021-1","article-title":"U-Access: A web-based system for routing pedestrians of differing abilities","volume":"8","author":"Sobek","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"366","article-title":"Application of machine learning methods to route planning and navigation for disabled people","volume":"6","author":"Karimanzira","year":"2006","journal-title":"MIC"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2010.512970","article-title":"Development and content validation of the Wheelchair Use Confidence Scale: A mixed-methods study","volume":"6","author":"Rushton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.12.004","article-title":"Generation of a tailored routing network for disabled people based on collaboratively collected geodata","volume":"47","author":"Neis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharebaghi, A., Mostafavi, M.A., Edwards, G., Fougeyrollas, P., Morales-Coayla, P., Routhier, F., Leblond, J., and Noreau, L. (2017). A Confidence-Based Approach for the Assessment of Accessibility of Pedestrian Network for Manual Wheelchair Users. International Cartographic Conference, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57336-6_32"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"United States Access Board (2004). Americans with Disabilities Act and Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Savard, M.-J. (2010). Guide Pratique D\u2019Accessibilit\u00e9 Universelle: Manuel D\u2019Utilisation, CIRRIS."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rushton, P.W. (2010). Measuring Confidence with Manual Wheelchair Use: A Four Phase, Mixed-Methods Study. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of British Columbia]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inf. Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2003.11.003","article-title":"The application of fuzzy decision tree analysis in an exposition of the antecedents of audit fees","volume":"32","author":"Beynon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"83","article-title":"Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process","volume":"1","author":"Saaty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Serv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, K.P., and Hwang, C.-L. (1995). Multiple Attribute Decision Making: An Introduction, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985161"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.15388\/Informatica.2006.158","article-title":"Evaluation of ranking accuracy in multi-criteria decisions","volume":"17","author":"Zavadskas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(97)00377-1","article-title":"Extensions of the TOPSIS for group decicion-making under fuzzy environment","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharebaghi, A., Mostafavi, M.-A., Chavoshi, S., Edwards, G., and Fougeyrollas, P. (2018). The Role of Social Factors in the Accessibility of Urban Areas for People with Motor Disabilities. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7040131"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2607(79)90012-8","article-title":"Accessibility Indicators for Transport Planning","volume":"13","author":"Morris","year":"1978","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Gen."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2004.10.003","article-title":"Comparison of weights in TOPSIS models","volume":"40","author":"Olson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Malczewski, J. (1999). GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dijkstra, E. (1959). A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numer. Math.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386390"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1145\/3828.3830","article-title":"Generalized best-first search strategies and the optimality af A*","volume":"32","author":"Dechter","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floyd, R. (1962). Algorithm 97: Shortest path. Commun. ACM, 344\u2013348.","DOI":"10.1145\/367766.368168"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamdani, E., and Assilian, S. (1975). An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller. Int. J. Man. Mach. Stud., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(75)80002-2"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2006.03.001","article-title":"Another Look at Measures of Forecast Accuracy","volume":"22","author":"Hyndman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Forecast."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/2\/65\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:19:46Z","timestamp":1760159986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/2\/65"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi10020065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10020065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]}}}