{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:14:52Z","timestamp":1765610092676,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42001159","41531178","41522104","41171140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001159","41531178","41522104","41171140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of combining spatial and temporal aspects has been increasingly recognized over recent years, yet pertinent pattern analysis methods in place-based crime research still need further development to explicitly indicate spatial-temporal localities of pertinent factors\u2019 influence ranges. This paper proposes an approach, Spatial-Temporal Indication of Crime Association (STICA), to facilitate identifying the main contributing factors of crime, which are operated at diverse spatial-temporal scales. The method\u2019s rationale is to progressively discern the spatial zones with diverse temporal crime patterns. A specific implementation of the STICA approach, by combining kernel density estimation, k-median-centers clustering, and thematic mapping, is applied to understand the burglary in an urban peninsula, China. The empirical findings include: (1) both the main time-stable and time-varying factors of crime can be indicated with the disparities of temporal crime patterns for different spatial zones based on the STICA results. (2) The spatial range of these factors can enlighten the understanding of interactions for generating crime patterns, especially with regards to how temporally transient and spatially global factors can produce a locally crime-ridden zone through the mediation of stable factors. (3) The STICA results can reveal the spatially contextual effects of stable factors, which are of great value to improve modeling crime patterns. As demonstrated, the STICA approach is effective in exploring contributing factors of crime and has shown great potential for providing a new vision in place-based crime research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10020067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1612817511000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Discovering Spatial-Temporal Indication of Crime Association (STICA)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9562-4147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7202-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0091, USA"},{"name":"Center of GeoInformatics for Public Security, School of Geographical Science and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3334-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Public Security and Disaster, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Public Security and Disaster, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cullen, F.T., and Wilcox, P. 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