{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T05:47:29Z","timestamp":1777096049160,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010751","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico, Tecnol\u00f3gico y de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11150087 and 1181954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11150087 and 1181954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urbanization is spreading across the world and beyond metropolitan areas. Medium-sized cities have also undergone processes of accelerated urban expansion, especially in Latin America, thanks to scant regulation or a complete lack thereof. Thus, understanding urban growth in the past and simulating it in the future has become a tool to raise its visibility and challenge territorial planners. In this work, we use Markov chains, cellular automata, multi-criteria multi-objective evaluation, and the determination of land use\/land cover (LULC) to model the urban growth of the city of Temuco, Chile, a paradigmatic case because it has experienced powerful growth, where real estate development pressures coexist with a high natural value and the presence of indigenous communities. The urban scenario is determined for the years 2033 and 2049 based on the spatial patterns between 1985 and 2017, where the model shows the trend of expansion toward the northeast and significant development in the western sector of the city, making them two potential centers of expansion and conflict in the future given the heavy pressure on lands that are indigenous property and have a high natural value, aspects that need to be incorporated into future territorial planning instruments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10020101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T14:23:27Z","timestamp":1614003807000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Urban Growth, Real Estate Development and Indigenous Property: Simulating the Expansion Process in the City of Temuco, Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3963-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Maturana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geograf\u00eda, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago 8340578, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Planificaci\u00f3n Territorial, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4781312, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0303-8082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco A.","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geograf\u00eda, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago 8340578, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4838-6726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Vielma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geograf\u00eda, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago 8340578, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations World Urbanization Prospects (2019). 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