{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:33:23Z","timestamp":1779888803666,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41801158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Municipal Basic Research Project (Free Exploration)","award":["JCYJ20180302153551891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20180302153551891"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["JCYJ20190808173611341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190808173611341"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interpersonal and intrapersonal variabilities are two important perspectives to understand daily travel behaviors, while only a small number of studies incorporate them for understanding human dynamics. This paper employed a network analysis approach to detecting daily activity-travel patterns of 680 Beijing\u2019s residents within a week and then used a multilevel multinomial logit model to analyze the intrapersonal variability in patterns and the socioeconomic linkages behind them. Results suggest that most activity-travel patterns have significant day-to-day intrapersonal and interpersonal variabilities. This suggests that the application of a typical day of activity-travel behaviors to measure and represent a week\u2019s or even longer-term behaviors may be biased, due to the existence of day-to-day intrapersonal variability. This study also provides a hint for the selection of days of a week to conduct a diary survey for activity pattern mining or travel demand modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10030148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T12:12:18Z","timestamp":1615205538000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Variabilities in Daily Activity-Travel Patterns: A Networked Spatiotemporal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7211-4205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Planning &amp; Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Planning &amp; Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Division of Geography &amp; Tourism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Planning &amp; Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwei","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban &amp; Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012905110686","article-title":"On the Formulation of Time-Space Prisms to Model Constraints on Personal Activity-Travel Engagement","volume":"29","author":"Pendyala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12544-016-0213-9","article-title":"Variability in Daily Activity-Travel Patterns: The Case of a One-Week Travel Diary","volume":"8","author":"Raux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.06.026","article-title":"Ethnic Groups Differences in Regard to Social Networks, Daily Activity Patterns, and Driving Behavior","volume":"46","author":"Elias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3141\/2666-07","article-title":"Exploring Daily Rhythms of Interpersonal Contacts: Time-of-Day Dynamics of Human Interactions with Latent Class Cluster Analysis","volume":"2666","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2017.08.001","article-title":"Analysing the Complexity of Day-to-Day Individual Activity-Travel Patterns Using a Multidimensional Sequence Alignment Model: A Case Study in the Bandung Metropolitan Area, Indonesia","volume":"64","author":"Dharmowijoyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2019.12.003","article-title":"Investigating Day-to-Day Variability of Transit Usage on a Multimonth Scale with Smart Card Data. A Case Study in Lyon","volume":"19","author":"Egu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Hanson, S., and Huff, J.O. (1982). Assessing Day-to-Day Variability in Complex Travel Patterns, Transportation Research Board."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2607(87)90032-X","article-title":"Intrapersonal Variability and Model Goodness-of-Fit","volume":"21","author":"Pas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Gen."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nfelder, S. (2006). Urban Rhythms\u2014Modelling the Rhythms of Individual Travel Behaviour. [Ph.D. Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.01.024","article-title":"Multi-Day Activity-Travel Pattern Sampling Based on Single-Day Data","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01099436","article-title":"Intrapersonal Variability in Daily Urban Travel Behavior: Some Additional Evidence","volume":"22","author":"Pas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/0033-0124.00158","article-title":"Gender and Individual Access to Urban Opportunities: A Study Using Space\u2014Time Measures","volume":"51","author":"Kwan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1998.tb00396.x","article-title":"Space-Time and Integral Measures of Individual Accessibility: A Comparative Analysis Using a Point-Based Framework","volume":"30","author":"Kwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-008-9178-4","article-title":"Exploring Spatial Variety in Patterns of Activity-Travel Behaviour: Initial Results from the Toronto Travel-Activity Panel Survey (TTAPS)","volume":"35","author":"Buliung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transportation."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.05.015","article-title":"The Same Mode Again? An Exploration of Mode Choice Variability in Great Britain Using the National Travel Survey","volume":"78","author":"Heinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1986.tb00085.x","article-title":"Repetition and Variability in Urban Travel","volume":"18","author":"Huff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Jones, P. (1990). Measurement of habitual behaviour: Examining systematic variability in repetitive travel. Developments in Dynamic and Activity-Based Approaches to Travel Analysis, Avebury. Oxford Studies in Transport."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2012.04.001","article-title":"An Analysis of Day-to-Day Variations in Individual Space\u2014Time Accessibility","volume":"23","author":"Neutens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00837531","article-title":"Regularity and Irreversibility of Weekly Travel Behavior","volume":"14","author":"Kitamura","year":"1987","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, P., and Clarke, M. (1988). The Significance and Measurement of Variability in Travel Behaviour. Transportation, 15.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00167981"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Harvey, A.S., Taylor, M.E., Ellis, S., and Aas, D. (1997). 24 Hour Society and Passenger Travel, Saint Mary\u2019s University."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2728704","article-title":"Measuring Regularity of Individual Travel Patterns","volume":"19","author":"Koutsopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bricka, S.G., Richard, T.B., Christopher, L.S., and Nicholas, W. (2014). Origin-Destination data collection technology. Mobile Technologies for Activity\u2014Travel Data Collection and Analysis, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-6170-7.ch001"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.05.021","article-title":"How Comparable Are Origin-Destination Matrices Estimated from Automatic Fare Collection, Origin-Destination Surveys and Household Travel Survey? An Empirical Investigation in Lyon","volume":"138","author":"Egu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.08.004","article-title":"Detecting and Visualizing Cohesive Activity-Travel Patterns: A Network Analysis Approach","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12186","article-title":"Space\u2014Time Sequential Similarity for Identifying Factors of Activity-Travel Pattern Segmentation: A Measure of Sequence Alignment and Path Similarity","volume":"51","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Flyvbjerg, B., Holm, M.S., and Buhl, S.L. (2013). How (In)Accurate Are Demand Forecasts in Public Works Projects? The Case of Transportation. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-090X(00)00017-6","article-title":"Interactive Geovisualization of Activity-Travel Patterns Using Three-Dimensional Geographical Information Systems: A Methodological Exploration with a Large Data Set","volume":"8","author":"Kwan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(01)00009-1","article-title":"Activity Pattern Similarity: A Multidimensional Sequence Alignment Method","volume":"36","author":"Joh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2008.01114.x","article-title":"A Space-Time GIS Approach to Exploring Large Individual-Based Spatiotemporal Datasets","volume":"12","author":"Shaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. GIS."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.143","article-title":"Flow Mapping and Multivariate Visualization of Large Spatial Interaction Data","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannotti, F., Nanni, M., Pinelli, F., and Pedreschi, D. (2007, January 12\u201315). Trajectory Pattern Mining. Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining\u2014KDD\u201907, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1281192.1281230"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.-G., Han, J., and Whang, K.-Y. (2007, January 11\u201314). Trajectory Clustering: A Partition-and-Group Framework. Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data\u2014SIGMOD\u201907, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/1247480.1247546"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/17489725.2010.537449","article-title":"A Graph-Based Approach to Vehicle Trajectory Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Locat. Based Serv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48344-6_1","article-title":"A Spatio-Temporal Taxonomy for the Representation of Spatial Set Behaviours","volume":"Volume 1678","author":"Jensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spatio-Temporal Database Management"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2004.10.008","article-title":"A GIS Toolkit for Exploring Geographies of Household Activity\/Travel Behavior","volume":"14","author":"Buliung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2015.1042944","article-title":"Potential Path Areas and Activity Spaces in Application: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Patterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-012-0264-z","article-title":"Clustering Daily Patterns of Human Activities in the City","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Disc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12040","article-title":"Assessing Activity Pattern Similarity with Multidimensional Sequence Alignment Based on a Multiobjective Optimization Evolutionary Algorithm: Assessing Activity Pattern Similarity","volume":"46","author":"Kwan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198105192600104","article-title":"Characterizing Global Activity Schedule Adjustment Behavior by Using a Sequence Alignment Method","volume":"1926","author":"Joh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2007.00536.x","article-title":"Sequence Alignment as a Method for Human Activity Analysis in Space and Time","volume":"97","author":"Shoval","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Abdel-Aty, M.A., and Kitamura, R. (1995). Exploring Route Choice Behavior Using Geographic Information System-Based Alternative Routes and Hypothetical Travel Time Information Input. Transportation Research Record 7, Transportation Research Board."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.135319","article-title":"The Influence of the Physical Environment and Sociodemographic Characteristics on Children\u2019s Mode of Travel to and From School","volume":"99","author":"Larsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000140","article-title":"Modeling Destination Choice Behavior Incorporating Spatial Factors, Individual Sociodemographics, and Travel Mode","volume":"136","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-019-0186-8","article-title":"Probabilistic Walking Models Using Built Environment and Sociodemographic Predictors","volume":"17","author":"Moudon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.100881","article-title":"Public Employees in South-Western Norway Using an e-Bike or a Regular Bike for Commuting\u2014A Cross-Sectional Comparison on Sociodemographic Factors, Commuting Frequency and Commuting Distance","volume":"14","author":"Jahre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12084","article-title":"Sociodemographic and Environmental Correlates of Active Commuting in Rural America: Active Commuting in Rural America","volume":"31","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rural Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-015-9666-2","article-title":"Analysis of Variability in Multi-Day GPS Imputed Activity-Travel Diaries Using Multi-Dimensional Sequence Alignment and Panel Effects Regression Models","volume":"44","author":"Xianyu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000027","article-title":"A Multilevel View of Predictors of Children\u2019s Perceptions of School Interpersonal Climate","volume":"107","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2005.07.002","article-title":"How Routine Is a Routine? An Analysis of the Day-to-Day Variability in Prism Vertex Location","volume":"40","author":"Kitamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Hatcher, S.G., and Mahmassani, H. (1992). Daily Variability of Route and Trip Scheduling Decisions for the Evening Commute. Transportation Research Record 11, Transportation Research Board."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3141\/2134-02","article-title":"Exploring Variation Properties of Departure Time Choice Behavior by Using Multilevel Analysis Approach","volume":"2134","author":"Chikaraishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Susilo, Y.O., and Axhausen, K.W. (2007). Stability in Individual Daily Activity-Travel-Location Patterns: A Study Using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, ETH Zurich."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","article-title":"Fast Unfolding of Communities in Large Networks","volume":"2008","author":"Blondel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Mech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2009.11.002","article-title":"Community Detection in Graphs","volume":"486","author":"Fortunato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104990","article-title":"Actors and Network in the Marketization of Rural Collectively-Owned Commercial Construction Land (RCOCCL) in China: A Pilot Case of Langfa, Beijing","volume":"99","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/24694452.2018.1484684","article-title":"Mesoscale Structures in World City Networks","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of the American Association of Geographers."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.102809","article-title":"Measuring Megaregional Structure in the Pearl River Delta by Mobile Phone Signaling Data: A Complex Network Approach","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098017720150","article-title":"Incorporating Land Use and Pricing Policies for Reducing Car Dependence: Analytical Framework and Empirical Evidence","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X18755495","article-title":"When Context Meets Self-Selection: The Built Environment\u2013Travel Connection Revisited","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","article-title":"Modularity and Community Structure in Networks","volume":"103","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/3\/148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:34:58Z","timestamp":1760160898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/3\/148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi10030148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10030148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]}}}