{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:09:24Z","timestamp":1783948164510,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2019YFB2103100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB2103100"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe","award":["71961137003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71961137003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bus stop layout and route deployment may influence the efficiency of bus services. Evaluating the supply of bus service requires the consideration of demand from various urban activities, such as residential and job-related activities. Although various evaluation methods have been explored from different perspectives, it remains a challenging issue. This study proposes a spatial statistical approach by comparing the density of the potential demand and supply of bus services at bus stops. The potential demand takes jobs-housing locations into account, and the supply of bus services considers bus stops and their associated total number of daily bus arrivals. The kernel density estimation (KDE) and spatial autocorrelation analyses are employed to investigate the coupling relationship between the demand and supply densities at global and local scales. A coupling degree index (CDI) is constructed to standardize the measurement of demand-supply balance. A case study in Wuhan, China demonstrated that: (1) the spatial distribution of bus stops is reasonable at global level, (2) Seriously unbalanced locations for bus services have been detected at several stops. Related adjustments that can improve these defects are highly recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10030173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1615896062000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Coupling Degree between the Demand and Supply of Bus Services at Stops: A Density-Based Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bowen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengdong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2013Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jizhe","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenshu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2013Macau Joint Laboratory for Smart Cities, Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0121(01)00004-0","article-title":"Strategic analysis of public transport coverage","volume":"35","author":"Murray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.10.037","article-title":"Optimization of bus stop stations in Kuwait","volume":"44","author":"AlRukaibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2010.06.005","article-title":"Bus rapid transit impacts on land uses and land values in Seoul, Korea","volume":"18","author":"Cervero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3020554","article-title":"A Hierarchical Approach to Optimizing Bus Stop Distribution in Large and Fast Developing Cities","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(98)00010-8","article-title":"Public transportation access","volume":"3","author":"Murray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2011.574140","article-title":"Measuring transit system accessibility using a modified two-step floating catchment technique","volume":"26","author":"Langford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2607(80)90092-8","article-title":"Nearly optimal parameters for a rail\/feeder-bus system on a rectangular grid","volume":"14","author":"Wirasinghe","year":"1980","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Gen."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2008.12.002","article-title":"Quantifying spatial gaps in public transport supply based on social needs","volume":"18","author":"Currie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2015.01.011","article-title":"Exploring public transport equity between separate disadvantaged cohorts: A case study in Perth, Australia","volume":"43","author":"Michael","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2018.01.005","article-title":"Assessing public transit service equity using route-level accessibility measures and public data","volume":"67","author":"Karner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1591415","article-title":"A comparative analysis of accessibility measures by the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2012.06.014","article-title":"Using floating catchment analysis (FCA) techniques to examine intra-urban variations in accessibility to public transport opportunities: The example of Cardiff, Wales","volume":"25","author":"Langford","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1061\/TPEJAN.0000991","article-title":"Bus Stop Location and Design","volume":"108","author":"Demetsky","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5038\/2375-0901.13.4.2","article-title":"Using GIS for Measuring Transit Stop Accessibility Considering Actual Pedestrian Road Network","volume":"13","author":"Foda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Public Transp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2014.07.014","article-title":"Using principles of justice to assess the modal equity of regional transportation plans","volume":"41","author":"Golub","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2017.08.009","article-title":"Does competition matter in measures of job accessibility? Explaining employment in Los Angeles","volume":"64","author":"Merlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-070X(03)00053-2","article-title":"A PTAL approach to measuring changes in bus service accessibility","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-012-9388-7","article-title":"Justice in transport as justice in accessibility: Applying Walzer\u2019s \u201cSpheres of Justice\u201d to the transport sector","volume":"39","author":"Martens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2013.10.010","article-title":"The economics and engineering of bus stops: Spacing, design and congestion","volume":"59","author":"Tirachini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2015.01.006","article-title":"Optimization of bus stop placement for routes on uneven topography","volume":"74","author":"Avi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2009.11.001","article-title":"Optimizing bus stop spacing in urban areas","volume":"46","author":"Ibeas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3141\/2111-04","article-title":"Assessing a Model for Optimal Bus Stop Spacing with High-Resolution Archived Stop-Level Data","volume":"2111","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3141\/2466-01","article-title":"Access and Connectivity Trade-Offs in Transit Stop Location","volume":"2466","author":"Mamun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2015.08.007","article-title":"Design of limited-stop bus service with capacity constraint and stochastic travel time","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026123329433","article-title":"A Coverage Model for Improving Public Transit System Accessibility and Expanding Access","volume":"123","author":"Murray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s101090300105","article-title":"Accessibility tradeoffs in public transit planning","volume":"5","author":"Murray","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2012.01.002","article-title":"Identifying bus stop redundancy: A gis-based spatial optimization approach","volume":"36","author":"Delmelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2009.01171.x","article-title":"A GIS Approach to Estimation of Building Population for Micro-spatial Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Lwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. Gis"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2011.02.008","article-title":"Using Lorenz curves to assess public transport equity","volume":"19","author":"Delbosc","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.sj.8350066","article-title":"The Utility of Hotspot Mapping for Predicting Spatial Patterns of Crime","volume":"21","author":"Chainey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Secur. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1071\/WF16026","article-title":"Spatial distribution of grassland fires at the regional scale based on the MODIS active fire products","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Silverman, B. (1986). Density Estimation For Statistics And Data Analysis, Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2307\/622936","article-title":"Spatial point pattern analysis and its application in geographical epidemiology","volume":"21","author":"Gatrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"5","article-title":"Using GIS to Measure the Effect of Overlapping Service Areas on Passenger Boardings at Bus Stops","volume":"19","author":"Kimpel","year":"2007","journal-title":"URISA J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3141\/1835-05","article-title":"Forecasting Transit Walk Accessibility: Regression Model Alternative to Buffer Method","volume":"1835","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x","article-title":"Local Indicators of Spatial Association\u2014LISA","volume":"27","author":"Anselin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"111","article-title":"The Moran Scatterplot as an ESDA Tool to Assess Local Instability in Spatial Association","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Fischer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spatial Analytical Perspectives on GIS in Environmental and Socio-Economic Sciences"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.01.017","article-title":"Examining the relationship between urbanization and the eco-environment using a coupling analysis: Case study of Shanghai, China","volume":"77","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.12.025","article-title":"Investigation of a coupling model of coordination between urbanization and the environment","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2019.1590877","article-title":"The coupling relationship between construction land expansion and high-temperature area expansion in China\u2019s three major urban agglomerations","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"18","article-title":"Expression and Mathematical Property of Coupling Model, and Its Misuse in Geographical Science","volume":"39","author":"Cong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2004.02.009","article-title":"Exploring spatial dependence of cotton yield using global and local autocorrelation statistics","volume":"89","author":"Ping","year":"2004","journal-title":"Field Crop. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.27.2.133","article-title":"Transit assignment for congested public transport systems: An equilibrium model","volume":"27","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.01.010","article-title":"Stochastic bus schedule coordination considering demand assignment and rerouting of passengers","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060.2017.1314497","article-title":"Estimating light-rail transit peak-hour boarding based on accessibility at station and route levels in Wuhan, China","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Plan. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3141\/1895-18","article-title":"Gap Analysis of Public Transport Needs: Measuring Spatial Distribution of Public Transport Needs and Identifying Gaps in the Quality of Public Transport Provision","volume":"1895","author":"Currie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/3\/173\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:36:39Z","timestamp":1760160999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/3\/173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi10030173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10030173","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]}}}