{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:23Z","timestamp":1787028443286,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Basin geomorphology is a complete system of landforms and topographic features that play a crucial role in the basin-scale flood risk evaluation. Nepal is a country characterized by several rivers and under the influence of frequent floods. Therefore, identifying flood risk areas is of paramount importance. The East Rapti River, a tributary of the Ganga River, is one of the flood-affected basins, where two major cities are located, making it crucial to assess and mitigate flood risk in this river basin. A morphometric calculation was made based on the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) 30-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The watershed, covering 3037.29 km2 of the area has 14 sub-basins (named as basin A up to N), where twenty morphometric parameters were used to identify flash flood potential sub-basins. The resulting flash flood potential maps were categorized into five classes ranging from very low to very high-risk. The result shows that the drainage density, topographic relief, and rainfall intensity have mainly contributed to flash floods in the study area. Hence, flood risk was analyzed pixel-wise based on slope, drainage density, and precipitation. Existing landcover types extracted from the potential risk area indicated that flash flood is more frequent along the major Tribhuvan Rajpath highway. The landcover data shows that human activities are highly concentrated along the west (Eastern part of Bharatpur) and the east (Hetauda) sections. The study concludes that the high human concentrated sub-basin \u201cB\u201d has been categorized as a high flood risk sub-basin; hence, a flood-resilient city planning should be prioritized in the basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10040247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T11:58:45Z","timestamp":1617883125000},"page":"247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Geomorphic Approach for Identifying Flash Flood Potential Areas in the East Rapti River Basin of Nepal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Til Prasad","family":"Pangali Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2894-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7945-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narendra Raj","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 66613, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foyez Ahmed","family":"Prodhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9131-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lkhagvadorj","family":"Nanzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"National Remote Sensing Center, Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology, and Environment (IRIMHE), Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Sciences, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pashupati","family":"Nepal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 66613, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EM-DAT (2020, August 10). 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