{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:22:19Z","timestamp":1781043739699,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51778559 (2018\/01\u20132021\/12)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51778559 (2018\/01\u20132021\/12)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid urbanization in cities and urban centers has recently contributed to notable land use\/land cover (LULC) changes, affecting both the climate and environment. Therefore, this study seeks to analyze changes in LULC and its spatiotemporal influence on the surface urban heat islands (UHI) in Abuja metropolis, Nigeria. To achieve this, we employed Multi-temporal Landsat data to monitor the study area\u2019s LULC pattern and land surface temperature (LST) over the last 29 years. The study then analyzed the relationship between LULC, LST, and other vital spectral indices comprising NDVI and NDBI using correlation analysis. The results revealed a significant urban expansion with the transformation of 358.3 sq. km of natural surface into built-up areas. It further showed a considerable increase in the mean LST of Abuja metropolis from 30.65 \u00b0C in 1990 to 32.69 \u00b0C in 2019, with a notable increase of 2.53 \u00b0C between 2009 and 2019. The results also indicated an inverse relationship between LST and NDVI and a positive connection between LST and NDBI. This implies that urban expansion and vegetation decrease influences the development of surface UHI through increased LST. Therefore, the study\u2019s findings will significantly help urban-planners and decision-makers implement sustainable land-use strategies and management for the city.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10050272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1619179710000},"page":"272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Spatiotemporal Influence of Land Use\/Land Cover Change Dynamics on Surface Urban Heat Island: A Case Study of Abuja Metropolis, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2425-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Auwalu Faisal","family":"Koko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"International Center for Architecture and Urban Development Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1732-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghali Abdullahi","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Remote Sensing and Information Technology, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3267-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram Ahmed Noman","family":"Alabsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roknisadeh","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarif, M.O., Rimal, B., and Stork, N. 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