{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:57:40Z","timestamp":1783004260963,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC1508805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1508805"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19040304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19040304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earthquakes often cause secondary disasters in mountainous areas, forming the typical earthquake-landslide-debris flow disaster chain for a long time that results in a series of losses. It is important to improve the risk assessment method from the perspective of cascading effect of such a disaster chain, by strengthening quantitative research on hazards of the debris flows which are affected by landslide volume and rainstorm intensity. Taking Wenchuan County as an example, the risk assessment method for population loss of the disaster chain is established and the risks are evaluated in this paper. The results show that the population loss risk is 2.59\u20132.71 people\/km2 under the scenarios of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake and four rainstorm intensities. The impacts of landslide and debris flow after the earthquake were long-term and profound. A comparison of risks caused by each element of the chain revealed that the risk associated with the earthquake accounted for the highest proportion, and landslide and debris flow accounted for 38.82\u201337.18% and 3.42\u20137.50%, respectively. As the earthquake intensity increases, the total risk posed by the disaster chain increases significantly. The risk caused by the earthquake is the highest in high earthquake intensity zones; while in the lower-intensity zones, landslides and debris flows pose relatively high risks. The risk assessment results were verified through comparison with actual data, indicating that the simulation results are quite consistent with the existing disaster information and that the risk assessment method based on the earthquake-landslide-debris flow cascade process is significant for future risk estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10060363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T11:33:20Z","timestamp":1622201600000},"page":"363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Risk Assessment of Population Loss Posed by Earthquake-Landslide-Debris Flow Disaster Chain: A Case Study in Wenchuan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhe","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaohong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-20-1069-2020","article-title":"Review article: Natural hazard risk assessments at the global scale","volume":"20","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-3817-2014","article-title":"A physical approach on flood risk vulnerability of buildings","volume":"18","author":"Mazzorana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"458","article-title":"How do natural hazards cascade to cause disasters?","volume":"561","author":"AghaKouchak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"UNISDR (2020, May 15). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/files\/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"IRGC (2005). Risk Governance: Towards an Integrative Approach, IRGC. White Paper No. 1."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Weng, W. (2021). A Bayesian Network Model for Seismic Risk Analysis. Risk Anal.","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13690"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RG000626","article-title":"Earthquake-Induced Chains of Geologic Hazards: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Impacts","volume":"57","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1130\/G33217.1","article-title":"Global patterns of loss of life from landslides","volume":"40","author":"Petley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0907-4","article-title":"Debris flows and their toll on human life: A global analysis of debris-flow fatalities from 1950 to 2011","volume":"71","author":"Dowling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101642","article-title":"Multi-hazard disaster studies: Monitoring, detection, recovery, and management, based on emerging technologies and optimal techniques","volume":"47","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Institute of Engineering Mechanics, CEA, and Institute of Geophysics, CEA (2008). The Chinese Seismic Intensity Scale, Standards Press of China. GB\/T 17742-2008."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1785\/0120090244","article-title":"The 12 May 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake: Macroseismic Intensity Assessment Using the EMS-98 and ESI 2007 Scales and Their Correlation with the Geological Structure","volume":"100","author":"Lekkas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Seism. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.12681\/bgsg.11312","article-title":"Macroseismicity and geological effects of the Wenchuan earthquake (MS 8.0R-12 May 2008), Sichuan, China: Macro-distribution and comparison of EMS1998 and ESI2007 intensities","volume":"43","author":"Lekkas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnthal, G. (1998). European Macroseismic Scale 1998, Council of Europe. Notebooks of the European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"7","article-title":"Environmental seismic intensity scale-ESI 2007","volume":"Volume 74","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d\u2019Italia"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Insights from the Particle Impact Model into the High-Frequency Seismic Signature of Debris Flows","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.05.004","article-title":"What we have learned from the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and its aftermath: A decade of research and challenges","volume":"241","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0294-2","article-title":"Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: A review","volume":"64","author":"Kappes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/2013RG000445","article-title":"Reviewing and visualizing the interactions of natural hazards","volume":"52","author":"Gill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-020-00296-5","article-title":"Disaster Risk Science: A Geographical Perspective and a Research Framework","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3010368","article-title":"Monitoring Geologic Hazards and Vegetation Recovery in the Wenchuan Earthquake Region Using Aerial Photography","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Ma, Q., Alu, S., and Lang, Q. (2019). Hazard Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Chains Based on a Bayesian Network Model and ArcGIS. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8050210"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013236","article-title":"Correlation between surface damage and the coseismic displacement and stress relaxation of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake","volume":"28","author":"Shieh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2018.10.010","article-title":"Earthquake environmental effects produced by the Mw 6.1, 20th May 2016 Petermann earthquake, Australia","volume":"747\u2013748","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01478-4","article-title":"Modeling the landslide-generated debris flow from formation to propagation and run-out by considering the effect of vegetation","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-6724.12290","article-title":"An Overview of Formation Mechanism and Disaster Characteristics of Post-seismic Debris Flows Triggered by Subsequent Rainstorms in Wenchuan Earthquake Extremely Stricken Areas","volume":"88","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-017-0720-8","article-title":"Mapping and Change Detection Study of Nepal-2015 Earthquake Induced Landslides","volume":"46","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01150-6","article-title":"Landslides induced by the 2010 Chile megathrust earthquake: A comprehensive inventory and correlations with geological and seismic factors","volume":"16","author":"Serey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-009-0182-3","article-title":"Distribution and characteristics of landslides induced by the Iwate\u2013Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake in 2008 in Tohoku District, Northeast Japan","volume":"6","author":"Yagi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Cui, P., He, S.M., Yao, L.K., Wang, Z.Y., and Chen, X.Q. (2011). Formation Mechanism and Risk Control of Geo-Disasters in Wenchuan Earthquake, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105436","article-title":"Quantification of human vulnerability to earthquake-induced landslides using Bayesian network","volume":"265","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-011-2105-8","article-title":"Spatial distribution of large-scale landslides induced by the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1130\/G36961.1","article-title":"Transient changes of landslide rates after earthquakes","volume":"43","author":"Marc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-020-01981-x","article-title":"Activity characteristics and enlightenment of the debris flow triggered by the rainstorm on 20 August 2019 in Wenchuan County, China","volume":"80","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3020523","article-title":"GIS Supported Landslide Susceptibility Modeling at Regional Scale: An Expert-Based Fuzzy Weighting Method","volume":"3","author":"Chalkias","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-9721-z","article-title":"Quantitative multi-risk analysis for natural hazards: A framework for multi-risk modelling","volume":"58","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.11.011","article-title":"A review of multi-risk methodologies for natural hazards: Consequences and challenges for a climate change impact assessment","volume":"168","author":"Gallina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3763\/ehaz.2011.0005","article-title":"Revisiting community-based disaster risk management","volume":"10","author":"Maskrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strusafe.2018.08.001","article-title":"Probabilistic assessment of structural damage from coupled multi-hazards","volume":"76","author":"Korswagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct. Saf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-015-3453-6","article-title":"Risk assessment of disaster chain: Experience from Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides in China","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Wu, S.H., Liu, Y.H., and Yue, X.L. (2020). Risk Identification and Assessment of Seismic Geological Disaster Chain, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Varnes, D.J. (1984). Landslide Hazard Zonation: A Review of Principles and Practice (No. 3), UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2013.08.007","article-title":"Dynamic process analysis for the initiation and movement of the Donghekou landslide-debris flow triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0824-9","article-title":"Hazard assessment of debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area, South West China","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.07.012","article-title":"Identification and estimation of landslide-debris flow disaster risk in primary and middle school campuses in a mountainous area of Southwest China","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-04259-3","article-title":"A review of the research into the relations between hazards in multi-hazard risk analysis","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1897","article-title":"Empirical prediction of debris-flow mobility and deposition on fans","volume":"35","author":"Scheidl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.123932","article-title":"Empirical relationships for the estimation of debris flow runout distances on depositional fans in the Wenchuan earthquake zone","volume":"577","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Department of Soil and Water Conservation (2008). Classification and Gradation Standard of Soil Erosion, China Water&Power Press. SL 190-2007, 26P; A25."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-016-1331-y","article-title":"Human activity intensity of land surface: Concept, methods and application in China","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1613-1","article-title":"Empirical seismic vulnerability curve for mortality: Case study of China","volume":"77","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Q., Wang, Y., Liu, T., Zhu, Y., and Sui, Q. (2017). The Vulnerability of People to Landslides: A Case Study on the Relationship between the Casualties and Volume of Landslides in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14020212"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamic Vulnerability Analysis of Mountain Settlements Exposed to Geological Hazards: A Case Study of the Upper Min River, China","volume":"2020","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-018-0182-9","article-title":"Risk Identification of Seismic Landslides by Joint Newmark and RockFall Analyst Models: A Case Study of Roads Affected by the Jiuzhaigou Earthquake","volume":"9","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001194","article-title":"Integrate Risk from Climate Change in China Under Global Warming of 1.5 and 2.0 \u00b0C","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.2016.1169477","article-title":"Dynamic process-based risk assessment of debris flow on a local scale","volume":"37","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2018.10.023","article-title":"A calculation method for predicting the runout volume of dam-break and non-dam-break debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake area","volume":"327","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3722-7","article-title":"Topographical factors in the formation of gully-type debris flows in Longxi River catchment, Sichuan, China","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2002.804448","article-title":"Gaussian-based edge-detection methods-a survey","volume":"32","author":"Basu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Wang, N. (2015). Prediction and Evaluation on Deposited Volume of Debris-Flow in Wenchuan Earthquake Area, Chengdu University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-017-4787-z","article-title":"Impacts of future climate change (2030\u20132059) on debris flow hazard: A case study in the Upper Minjiang River basin, China","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-012-2076-4","article-title":"Risk assessment of secondary geological disasters induced by the Yushu earthquake","volume":"9","author":"Niu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-20-1321-2020","article-title":"A multivariate statistical method for susceptibility analysis of debris flow in southwestern China","volume":"20","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05019005","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000347","article-title":"Susceptibility Assessments and Validations of Debris-Flow Events in Meizoseismal Areas: Case Study in China\u2019s Longxi River Watershed","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-011-2040-8","article-title":"Prediction of debris-flow danger area by combining hydrological and inundation simulation methods","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-016-3965-8","article-title":"A catastrophic debris flow in the Wenchuan Earthquake area, July 2013: Characteristics, formation, and risk reduction","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-009-0201-6","article-title":"Rainfall-triggered debris flows following the Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"68","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-013-0421-5","article-title":"Rainfall thresholds for debris flow initiation in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area, southwestern China","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-05742-8","article-title":"A study on the forecast calculating method of the density of rainfall debris flow in Southwestern of China","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125124","article-title":"A hydrology-process based method for correlating debris flow density to rainfall parameters and its application on debris flow prediction","volume":"589","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Tang, C., and Westen, C. (2018). Atlas of Wenchuan-Earthquake Geohazards, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (2020, August 04). The Massive Debris Flow on 20 August 2019 in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province. Available online: http:\/\/www.qgshzh.com\/ffpindex?newstype=1."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"China Association for Disaster Prevention (2008). Disaster Memorabilia in China, Seismological Press."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107492","article-title":"Recurrent rock avalanches progressively dismantle a mountain ridge in Beichuan County, Sichuan, most recently in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"374","author":"Wasowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"34","article-title":"Susceptibility assessment of debris flow using a probabilistic and GIS approach: A case study on the Wenchuan county","volume":"34","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Yangtze River Sci. Res. Inst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293020944174","article-title":"Comparison of macroseismic-intensity scales by considering empirical observations of structural seismic damage","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-015-1177-8","article-title":"Earthquake Hazard and the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI) Scale","volume":"173","author":"Serva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1586058","article-title":"Relationships between Peak Ground Acceleration, Peak Ground Velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California","volume":"15","author":"Wald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-010-9178-6","article-title":"On the use of JMA intensity in earthquake early warning systems","volume":"8","author":"Sokolov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2019.12.024","article-title":"Intensity estimation for the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, India on ESI-07 scale and comparison with historical 16th June 1819 Allah Bund earthquake: A test of ESI-07 application for intraplate earthquakes","volume":"536","author":"Naik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-008-9285-8","article-title":"Debris flow hazard assessment with numerical simulation","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-016-2280-6","article-title":"Variability in rainfall threshold for debris flow after Wenchuan earthquake in Gaochuan River watershed, Southwest China","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2010.11.020","article-title":"An empirical\u2013statistical model for predicting debris-flow runout zones in the Wenchuan earthquake area","volume":"250","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"299","article-title":"An integrated model to assess critical rainfall thresholds for run-out distances of debris flows","volume":"70","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-019-01641-9","article-title":"Response analysis of valley settlements to the evolution of debris flow fans under different topographic conditions: A case study of the upper reaches of Min River, China","volume":"79","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017038","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001352","article-title":"Characteristics of a Debris-Flow Drainage Channel with a Step-Pool Configuration","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Song, S.W. (2009). Analysis and Investigation on Seismic Damages of Projects Subjected to Wenchuan, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GH000287","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GH000287","article-title":"Human Vulnerability to Landslides","volume":"4","author":"Pollock","year":"2020","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2012.12.019","article-title":"Mountain torrents: Quantifying vulnerability and assessing uncertainties","volume":"155","author":"Totschnig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.05.067","article-title":"Recent advances in vulnerability assessment for the built environment exposed to torrential hazards: Challenges and the way forward","volume":"575","author":"Fuchs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-019-03759-1","article-title":"Vulnerability assessment of population in mountain settlements exposed to debris flow: A case study on Qipan gully, Wenchuan County, China","volume":"99","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/6\/363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:57Z","timestamp":1760162997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/6\/363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi10060363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10060363","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]}}}