{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T05:12:40Z","timestamp":1768626760527,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial metadata profiles have been designed and evolved by data custodians to manage, share, discover, and use spatial data. The end-users of spatial data often do not have much input in designing the profiles. The spatial data infrastructure literature reveals that they question the usability of spatial metadata. This paper analyzes the usability of metadata profiles by engaging end-users and clarifying their requirements in response to this problem. Over 60 users from 18 countries were engaged using an online survey based on a purposive sampling method. The results show that the most widely used metadata standard, ISO 19115, provides metadata elements to accommodate most user requirements for searches. However, an extension to the standard is necessary to assist users in discovery and selection. Two new metadata elements are proposed as part of the extension. The extension also involves changing the obligation type of existing elements to improve data discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10060376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:38:39Z","timestamp":1622630319000},"page":"376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Proposal for a User-Oriented Spatial Metadata Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Kalantari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9730-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syahrudin","family":"Syahrudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Geospatial Agency, Jakarta 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Rajabifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Comber, A.J., Fisher, P.F., and Wadsworth, R.A. (2007, January 8\u201311). User-Focused Metadata for Spatial Data, Geographical Information and Data Quality Assessments. Proceedings of the 10th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Aalborg, Denmark. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.84.7278&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Goodchild, M. (2021, June 01). Spatial Accuracy 2.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.geog.ucsb.edu\/~good\/papers\/453.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Goodchild, M.F. (2021, June 01). Beyond Metadata: Towards Uzser-Centric Description of Data Quality. Quality 2007. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.162.1404&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Han, H., Giles, C.L., Manavoglu, E., Zha, H., Zhang, Z., and Fox, E.A. (2003, January 27\u201331). Automatic document metadata extraction using support vector machines. 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