{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T17:45:13Z","timestamp":1779903913259,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020","award":["820999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820999"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Historic areas (HAs) are highly vulnerable to natural hazards, including earthquakes, that can cause severe damage, if not total destruction. This paper proposes methods that can be implemented through a geographical information system to assess earthquake-induced physical damages and the resulting impacts on the functions of HAs and to monitor their resilience. For the assessment of damages, making reference to the universally recognised procedure of convoluting hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, this paper proposes (a) a framework for assessing hazard maps of both real and end-user defined earthquakes; (b) a classification of the exposed elements of the built environment; and (c) an index-based seismic vulnerability assessment method for heritage buildings. Moving towards the continuous monitoring of resilience, an index-based assessment method is proposed to quantify how the functions of HAs recover over time. The implementation of the proposed methods in an ad hoc customized WebGIS Decision Support System, referred to as ARCH DSS, is demonstrated in this paper with reference to the historic area of Camerino-San Severino (Italy). Our conclusions show how ARCH DSS can inform and contribute to increasing awareness of the vulnerabilities of HAs and of the severity of the potential impacts, thus supporting effective decision making on mitigation strategies, post-disaster response, and build back better.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10070461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T11:36:44Z","timestamp":1625571404000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Assessing Earthquake Impacts and Monitoring Resilience of Historic Areas: Methods for GIS Tools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Giovinazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Analysis and Protection of Critical Infrastructures, Casaccia Research Centre, ENEA, National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Marchili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bologna University, Mura Anteo Zamboni, 7, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Analysis and Protection of Critical Infrastructures, Casaccia Research Centre, ENEA, National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Analysis and Protection of Critical Infrastructures, Casaccia Research Centre, ENEA, National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4549-5612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cultural Heritage Lab., INGV, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Remote Sensing Unit\u2013ONT, Via P. Bucci-Cube 30\/C-7th Floor, 87036 Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"La Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Analysis and Protection of Critical Infrastructures, Casaccia Research Centre, ENEA, National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8244-303X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Pollino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Analysis and Protection of Critical Infrastructures, Casaccia Research Centre, ENEA, National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4784-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Rosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Analysis and Protection of Critical Infrastructures, Casaccia Research Centre, ENEA, National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4988-5511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"L\u00fcckerath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IAIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Milde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IAIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Ullrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IAIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2021, January 26). Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, Including a Glossary of Definitions. Available online: https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/uploads\/news\/documents\/news-1026-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Organisations for Security and Coperation in Europe (OSCE) (2021, January 26). Guidebook on Standard for Drafting Cultural Heritage Management Plan 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.osce.org\/files\/f\/documents\/2\/d\/461188.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"UN General Assembly (2021, January 26). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/57b6e3e44.html."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) (2020, December 28). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/publication\/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-020-09936-1","article-title":"Cultural heritage and earthquakes: Bridging the gap between geophysics, archaeoseismology and engineering","volume":"24","author":"Pecchioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2001). HAZUS99 Technical Manual, FEMA. Service Release 2."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-019-00235-z","article-title":"Integrated Assessment of Natural Hazards, Including Climate Change\u2019s Influences, for Cultural Heritage Sites: The Case of the Historic Centre of Rethymno in Greece","volume":"10","author":"Ravankhah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2017.06.042","article-title":"Review of literature on decision support systems for natural hazard risk reduction: Current status and future research directions","volume":"96","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matassoni, L., Fiaschi, A., Giovinazzi, S., Pollino, M., La Porta, L., and Rosato, V. (2017). A geospatial decision support tool for seismic risk management: Florence (Italy) case study. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2017, Springer International Publishing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Part II, LNCS 10405.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62395-5_20"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bocchini, G.M., Pomonis, A., So, E., King, A.B., and Giovinazzi, S. (2021, February 17). The GEM Earthquake Consequences Database and New Zealand\u2019s Contributions. 2014 NZSEE Conference. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/283934626_The_GEM_earthquake_consequences_database_and_New_Zealand\u2019s_contributions."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.11.010","article-title":"Predictive models for post disaster shelter needs assessment","volume":"21","author":"Vecere","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Balbi, A., Galasco, S., Giovinazzi, S., Lagormarsino, S., and Parodi, S. (2006, January 3\u20138). \u201cScenario Sismico\u201d: A Tool For Real Time Damage Scenarios. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3390\/fi4020451","article-title":"Collaborative Open Source Geospatial Tools and Maps Supporting the Response Planning to Disastrous Earthquake Events","volume":"4","author":"Pollino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocher, E., and Neteler, M. (2011). Free and Open Source GIS Software for Building a Spatial Data Infrastructure. Geospatial Free and Open Source Software in the 21st Century, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10595-1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.12309","article-title":"A comprehensive system for semantic spatiotemporal assessment of risk in urban areas","volume":"28","author":"Coletti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Conting. Crisis Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollino, M., Cappucci, S., Giordano, L., Iantosca, D., De Cecco, L., Bersan, D., Rosato, V., and Borfecchia, F. (2020). Assessing Earthquake-Induced Urban Rubble by Means of Multiplatform Remotely Sensed Data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040262"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) (2005, January 18\u201322). Hyogo framework for action 2005\u20132015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. Proceedings of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, Kobe, Japan."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Almufti, I., and Willford, M. (2013). Resilience-Based Earthquake Design (REDi) Rating System, Arup. Version 1.0."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Renschler, C.S., Frazier, A.E., Arendt, L.A., Cimellaro, G.P., Reinhorn, A.M., and Bruneau, M. (2010). A Framework for Defining and Measuring Resilience at the Community Scale: The PEOPLES Resilience Framework, MCEER."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Giovinazzi, S. (2005). The Vulnerability Assessment and the Damage Scenario in Seismic Risk Analysis. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florence (I) and TU-Braunschweig (D)]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-006-9024-z","article-title":"Macroseismic and mechanical models for the vulnerability and damage assessment of current buildings","volume":"4","author":"Lagomarsino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1599896","article-title":"Definition of Collapse Mechanisms and Seismic Vulnerability of Historic Masonry Buildings","volume":"19","author":"Speranza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-019-00683-4","article-title":"Empirical fragility curves for masonry buildings after the 2009 L\u2019Aquila, Italy, earthquake","volume":"17","author":"Manfredi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitilakis, K., Crowley, H., and Kaynia, A.M. (2014). Evaluation of existing fragility curves. SYNER-G: Typology Definition and Fragility Functions for Physical Elements at Seismic Risk, Buildings, Lifelines, Transportation Networks and Critical Facilities 2014, Springer Science + Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7872-6"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-020-00845-9","article-title":"Empirical fragility curves for Italian URM buildings","volume":"19","author":"Rosti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2191","article-title":"An efficient method for estimating the collapse risk of structures in seismic regions","volume":"42","author":"Eads","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-020-01009-5","article-title":"Seismic risk assessment of residential buildings in Italy","volume":"19","author":"Dolce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceroni, F., Caterino, N., and Vuoto, A. (2020). Simplified Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Methods: A Comparative Analysis with Reference to Regional School Building Stock in Italy. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10196771"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnthal, G., Musson, R.M.W., Schwarz, J., and Stucchi, M. (1998). European Macroseismic Scale 1998. Chaiers du Centre Europ\u00e8en de G\u00e8odynamique et de Seismologie, Conseil de l\u2019Europe."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romis, F., Caprili, S., Salvatore, W., Ferreira, T.M., and Louren\u00e7o, P.B. (2021). An Improved Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Approach for Historical Urban Centres: The Case Study of Campi Alto di Norcia, Italy. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11020849"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Bernardini, A., and Lagomarsino, S. The seismic vulnerability of architectural heritage. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Structures & Buildings, Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/245408732_The_seismic_vulnerability_of_architectural_heritage."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.81.3.530","article-title":"ObsPy: A Python Toolbox for Seismology","volume":"81","author":"Beyreuther","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"47","article-title":"ObsPy\u2014What can it do for data centers and observatories?","volume":"54","author":"Megies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2020, November 30). EMSC Seismic Portal. Available online: https:\/\/www.emsc-csem.org\/Project\/#seismic."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"INGV Seismological Data Centre (2021, May 06). Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy. Available online: http:\/\/cnt.rm.ingv.it\/instruments\/network\/IV."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2020, November 30). FDSN Services. Available online: http:\/\/fdsn.org\/services\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0091-9","article-title":"CFTI5Med, the new release of the catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy and in the Mediterranean area","volume":"6","author":"Guidoboni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-012-9335-2","article-title":"The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1000\u20131899","volume":"17","author":"Stucchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-013-9379-y","article-title":"The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) for the time period 1900\u20132006 and its comparison to the European-Mediterranean Earthquake Catalogue (EMEC)","volume":"17","author":"Stromeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"DISS Working Group (2021, January 26). Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), Version 3.2.1: A Compilation of Potential Sources for Earthquakes Larger than M 5.5 in Italy and Surrounding Areas. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. Available online: http:\/\/diss.rm.ingv.it\/diss\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Basili, R., Kastelic, V., Demircioglu, M.B., Moreno, D.G., Nemser, E.S., Petricca, P., Sboras, S.P., Besana-Ostman, G.M., Cabral, J., and Camelbeeck, T. (2021, May 06). The European Database of Seismogenic Faults (EDSF) Compiled in the Framework of the Project SHARE. Available online: http:\/\/diss.rm.ingv.it\/share-edsf\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2020, November 30). Italian Seismic Map. Available online: http:\/\/esse1-gis.mi.ingv.it\/s1_en.php."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/2014EO290001","article-title":"Mapping Europe\u2019s Seismic Hazard","volume":"95","author":"Giardini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eos"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"481","article-title":"Letter to the editor","volume":"68","author":"Toro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2020, November 30). Open Data Ricostruzione Sisma. Available online: https:\/\/sisma2016data.it\/microzonazione\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-011-9278-y","article-title":"Site response studies and seismic microzoning in the Middle Aterno valley (L\u2019aquila, Central Italy)","volume":"9","author":"Lanzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-019-01514-1","article-title":"Seismic response across the Tronto Valley (at Acquasanta Terme, AP, Marche) based on the geophysical monitoring of the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence","volume":"78","author":"Costanzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2020, November 30). ISPRA Hydro-Geological Hazards. Available online: https:\/\/idrogeo.isprambiente.it\/app\/page\/open-data."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1785\/0120060267","article-title":"Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification","volume":"97","author":"Wald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.79.5.688","article-title":"Shakemap Implementation in Italy","volume":"79","author":"Michelini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Worden, C.B., Wald, D.J., Sanborn, J., and Thompson, E.M. (2015, January 21\u201323). Development of an open-source hybrid global Vs30 model. Proceedings of the Seismological Society of America Annual Meeting, Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2020.105745","article-title":"A new Vs30 map for Italy based on the seismic microzonation dataset","volume":"275","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1785\/0120180210","article-title":"A Revised Ground-Motion Prediction Model for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes in Italy","volume":"109","author":"Lanzano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04467.x","article-title":"Regression analysis of MCS intensity and ground motion parameters in Italy and its application in ShakeMap","volume":"180","author":"Faenza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"2011","article-title":"Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong motion records including records from the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake","volume":"71","author":"Joyner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Open File Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-011-9313-z","article-title":"Ground motion prediction equations derived from the Italian strong motion database","volume":"9","author":"Bindi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"552","article-title":"Geologie der Erdbeben","volume":"2","author":"Sieberg","year":"1930","journal-title":"Handbuch Geophysik"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-7952(92)90034-V","article-title":"Intensity versus ground motion: A new approach using Italian data","volume":"33","author":"Margottini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"UNESCO (2021, May 06). Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Available online: https:\/\/ich.unesco.org\/en\/convention#art2."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"ICOMOS Climate Change and Cultural Heritage Working Group (2021, January 26). The Future of Our Pasts: Engaging Cultural Heritage in Climate Action. Available online: https:\/\/www.icomos.org\/en\/77-articles-en-francais\/59522-icomos-releases-future-of-our-pasts-report-to-increase-engagement-of-cultural-heritage-in-climate-action."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W4-151-2018","article-title":"A European Interoperable Database (EID) to increase resilience of cultural heritage","volume":"XLII-3\/W4","author":"Chiabrando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"European Commission Joint Research Centre (2021, January 26). D2.8.iii.2 INSPIRE Data Specification on Buildings\u2014Technical Guidelines, Available online: https:\/\/inspire.ec.europa.eu\/id\/document\/tg\/bu."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2018.1503374","article-title":"Evaluation of Seismic Risk on UNESCO Cultural Heritage sites in Europe","volume":"12","author":"Despotaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Arch. Herit."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuffr\u00e8, A. (1995). Seismic damage in historic town centres and attenuation criteria. Ann. Geophys., 38.","DOI":"10.4401\/ag-4092"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1737735","article-title":"Seismic vulnerability of ancient churches. Part 1: Damage assessment and emergency planning","volume":"20","author":"Lagomarsino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1737736","article-title":"Seismic vulnerability of ancient churches. Part 2: Statistical analysis of surveyed data and methods for risk analysis","volume":"20","author":"Lagomarsino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-010-9224-4","article-title":"Assessment and analysis of damage in L\u2019Aquila historic city centre after 6th April 2009","volume":"9","author":"Paganoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-018-00542-8","article-title":"Earthquake damage assessment of masonry churches: Proposal for rapid and detailed forms and derivation of empirical vulnerability curves","volume":"17","author":"Lagomarsino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1623497","article-title":"A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities","volume":"19","author":"Bruneau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/15732470802663847","article-title":"Seismic resilience of a hospital system","volume":"6","author":"Cimellaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1193\/032013EQS074M","article-title":"Resilience of the Canterbury Hospital System to the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake","volume":"30","author":"Jacques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s11803-020-0597-3","article-title":"A benchmark city for seismic resilience assessment","volume":"19","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1193\/040916eqs057m","article-title":"Measuring the Impact of Enhanced Building Performance on the Seismic Resilience of a Residential Community","volume":"33","author":"Burton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1775796","article-title":"Measuring Improvements in the Disaster Resilience of Communities","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/23789689.2016.1255000","article-title":"The Centerville Virtual Community: A Fully Integrated Decision Model of Interacting Physical and Social Infrastructure Systems","volume":"1","author":"Ellingwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Resil. Infrastruct."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1193\/1.2192847","article-title":"Modeling Community Recovery from Earthquakes","volume":"22","author":"Miles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12496","article-title":"Framework for city-scale building seismic resilience simulation and repair scheduling with labor constraints driven by time\u2013history analysis","volume":"35","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111408","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4034223","article-title":"Engineering Resilience Quantification and System Design Implications: A Literature Survey","volume":"138","author":"Yodo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2174\/1874836802014010321","article-title":"Proactive Actions Based on a Resilient Approach to Urban Seismic Risk Mitigation","volume":"14","author":"Vona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Constr. Build. Technol. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setola, R., Rosato, V., Kyriakides, E., and Rome, E. (2016). Design of DSS for Supporting Preparedness to and Management of Anomalous Situations in Complex Scenarios. Managing the Complexity of Critical Infrastructures, A Modelling and Simulation Approach, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51043-9"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setola, R., Rosato, V., Kyriakides, E., and Rome, E. (2016). The Use of What-If Analysis to Improve the Management of Crisis Situations Chapter 10. Managing the Complexity of Critical Infrastructures, A Modelling and Simulation Approach, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51043-9"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Giovinazzi, S., Pollino, M., Ciarallo, F., Rosato, V., La Porta, L., Di Pietro, A., Clemente, P., and Buffarini, G. (2019, January 15\u201319). A Decision Support System for the Emergency Management of Highways in the Event of Earthquakes. Proceedings of the ANIDIS XVIII, Ascoli Piceno, Italy."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovinazzi, S., Pollino, M., Kongar, I., Rossetto, T., Caiaffa, E., Di Pietro, A., La Porta, L., Rosato, V., and Tofani, A. (2017). Towards a Decision Support Tool for Assessing, Managing and Mitigating Seismic Risk of Electric Power Networks. Computational Science and Its Applications\u2014ICCSA 2017, Springer International Publishing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Part III, LNCS 10406.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62398-6_28"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05849-4_6","article-title":"Earthquake Simulation on Urban Areas: Improving Contingency Plans by Damage Assessment","volume":"Volume 11260","author":"Luiijf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Critical Information Infrastructures Security. CRITIS 2018"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Giovinazzi, S., Di Pietro, A., Mei, M., Pollino, M., and Rosato, V. (2017, January 17\u201321). Protection of Critical Infrastructure in the Event of Earthquakes: CIPCast-ES. Proceedings of the XVII ANIDIS Conference, Pistoia, Italy."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-015-9738-x","article-title":"Osservatorio sismico delle strutture: The Italian structural seismic monitoring network","volume":"15","author":"Dolce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro, A., Costanzo, A., Ladina, C., Buongiorno, F., Cattaneo, M., Falcone, S., La Piana, C., Marzorati, S., Scudero, S., and Vitale, G. (2019). Urban Seismic Networks, Structural Health and Cultural Heritage Monitoring: The National Earthquakes Observatory (INGV, Italy) Experience. Front. Built Environ., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2019.00127"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Giovinazzi, S., Abeling, S., Galvez, F., Vallis, S., Goded, T., Horspool, N., Calandra, E., and Ingham, J. (2018, January 18\u201321). Fostering the Resilience of Heritage Buildings in New Zealand: Potentialities of Decision Support Systems. Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1193\/100717EQS197M","article-title":"2016\u20132017 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence: Seismic Retrofit Policy and Effectiveness","volume":"34","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-019-00729-7","article-title":"Damages to masonry churches after 2016\u20132017 Central Italy seismic sequence and definition of fragility curves","volume":"18","author":"Cescatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293020919429","article-title":"Exposure model for European seismic risk assessment","volume":"36","author":"Crowley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"JRC (2021, January 26). European Commission Guidance for Recording and Sharing Disaster Damage and Loss Data. Towards the Development of Operational Indicators to Translate the Sendai Framework into Action. Available online: https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC95505."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Rebollo, V., Latinos, V., Balenciaga, I., and Roca, R. (2020, September 15). ARCH D7.2 Mapping and Characterisation of Good Practices in Cultural Heritage Resilience. Available online: https:\/\/savingculturalheritage.eu\/resources\/deliverables."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"83","article-title":"Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability Analysis in the City of Bratislava: Application and Lessons Learned","volume":"Volume 11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Critical Information Infrastructures Security. CRITIS 2019"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"(2021, May 06). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction: Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities. Available online: https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/publication\/disaster-resilience-scorecard-cities."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"UNDRR, and ARISE (2020, September 14). Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Industrial and Commercial Buildings. For Use by Building Owners, Operators and Managers. Available online: https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/publications\/view\/69845."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"European Climate Adaptation Platform Climate\u2014ADAPT (2020, September 15). Partnership between the European Commission and European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\/knowledge\/tools\/urban-ast."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dembski, F., W\u00f6ssner, U., Letzgus, M., Ruddat, M., and Yamu, C. (2020). Urban Digital Twins for Smart Cities and Citizens: The Case Study of Herrenberg, Germany. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12062307"}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/7\/461\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:26:34Z","timestamp":1760163994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/7\/461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi10070461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10070461","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]}}}