{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:09:31Z","timestamp":1777457371365,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021RC210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RC210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a sustainable multimodal transit system that integrates taxi-sharing with subways to alleviate traffic congestion and restore the cooperative relationship between taxis and subways. This study proposes a two-phase matching model based on optimization theory, in which pick-up\/drop-off sequences for participants, as well as their motivation to shift to a TSS service, were considered. For the transportation system, achieving a reduction in vehicle miles is considered to be the matching objective. We tested the matching model using empirical taxi global positioning system (GPS) data for a typical morning rush hour in Beijing. The optimization model performs well for large-scale data and the optimal solution can be calculated quickly, which is ideal in a dynamic system. Furthermore, several sensitive analysis experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the TSS system. We found that approximately 23.13% of taxi users can be served by TSS transit, total taxi mileage can be reduced by 20.17%, and carbon dioxide emissions may be reduced by 15.16%. The proposed model and findings demonstrate that the TSS service considered here is a feasible multimodal transit mode, with the advantages of flexibility and sustainability, and has great potential for improving social benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10070469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T21:05:54Z","timestamp":1625778354000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Matching Model for Door-to-Door Multimodal Transit by Integrating Taxi-Sharing and Subways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baidu.com Times Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOT Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Construction Engineering Company Ltd. of China Construction Second Engineering Bureau, Beijing 100176, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yadi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gendron-Carrier, N., Polloni, S., and Turner, M.A. (2018). 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