{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:38:19Z","timestamp":1788489499536,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most significant challenges in cities concerns urban mobility. Urban mobility involves the use of different modes of transport, which can be individual or collective, and different organizations can produce their respective datasets that, usually, are used isolated from each other. The lack of an integrated view of the entire multimodal urban transportation network (MUTN) brings difficulties to citizens and urban planning. However, obtaining reliable and up-to-date spatial data is not an easy task. To address this problem, we propose a framework for creating a multimodal urban transportation network by integrating spatial data from heterogeneous sources. The framework standardizes the representation of different datasets through a common conceptual model for spatial data (schema matching), uses topological, geometric, and semantic information to find matches among objects from different datasets (data matching), and consolidated them into a single representation using data fusion techniques in a complementary, redundant and cooperative way. Spatial data integration makes it possible to use reliable data from official sources (possibly outdated and expensive to produce) and crowdsourced data (continuously updated and low cost to use). To evaluate the framework, a MUTN for the Brazilian city of Belo Horizonte was built integrating authoritative and crowdsourced data (OpenStreetMap, Foursquare, Facebook Places, Google Places, and Yelp), and then it was used to compute routes among eighty locations using four transportation possibilities: walk, drive, transit, and drive\u2013walk. The time and distance of each route were compared against their equivalent from Google Maps, and the results point to a great potential for using the framework in urban computing applications that require an integrated view of the entire multimodal urban transportation network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10070470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1625827838000},"page":"470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Creation of a Multimodal Urban Transportation Network through Spatial Data Integration from Authoritative and Crowdsourced Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4783-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Smarzaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Rio Paranaiba 38810-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7327-848X","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Clodoveu A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3261-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Quintanilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy and Environment, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigue, J.P. (2020). The Geography of Transport Systems, Taylor & Francis Ltd.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429346323"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-019-00701-y","article-title":"Interpretation and automatic integration of geospatial data into the Semantic Web","volume":"102","author":"Prudhomme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2012.730148","article-title":"Pedestrian network map generation approaches and recommendation","volume":"27","author":"Karimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasemsuppakorn, P., and Karimi, H.A. (2009, January 11\u201314). Pedestrian network data collection through location-based social networks. Proceedings of the 5th International ICST Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications, Worksharing, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.COLLABORATECOM2009.8388"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012027","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/20\/1\/012027","article-title":"Integration of geospatial multi-mode transportation Systems in Kuala Lumpur","volume":"20","author":"Ismail","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e20180142:1","article-title":"Collaborative mapping as a data source for urban planning: Challenges and potentialities","volume":"11","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urbe. Rev. Bras. Gest ao Urbana"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"74","article-title":"The Scale of VGI in Map Production: A Perspective on European National Mapping Agencies","volume":"21","author":"Hart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Nes, R.V. (2002). Design of Multimodal Transport Networks: A Hierarchical Approach, DUP Science."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Jiang, B., and Yao, X. (2010). Object-Oriented Data Modeling of an Indoor\/Outdoor Urban Transportation Network and Route Planning Analysis. Geospatial Analysis and Modelling of Urban Structure and Dynamics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2009.09.006","article-title":"Multi-scale and multi-modal GIS-T data model","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zuidgeest, M.H.P., Brussel, M.J.G., Arora, A., Bhamidipati, S., Amer, S., De Souza, F.A.M., and Godefrooij, T. (2009). On bus-bike integration Final Consultants\u2019 Report On bus-bike integration. Technical Report October, ADB."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2015.10.008","article-title":"Modeling and optimization of multimodal urban networks with limited parking and dynamic pricing","volume":"83","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jokar Arsanjani, J., Zipf, A., Mooney, P., and Helbich, M. (2015). Building a Multimodal Urban Network Model Using OpenStreetMap Data for the Analysis of Sustainable Accessibility. OpenStreetMap in GIScience: Experiences, Research, Applications, Springer International Publishing. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14280-7"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jetlund, K., Onstein, E., and Huang, L. (2019). Information Exchange between GIS and Geospatial ITS Databases Based on a Generic Model. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8030141"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ryttersgaard, J. (2001, January 4\u20137). Spatial Data Infrastructure: Developing Trends and Challenges. Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the Committee on Development Information (CODI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-0064.02e11","article-title":"The true cost of spatial data in Canada","volume":"47","author":"Klinkenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. Geogr. Gographe Can."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"656","article-title":"A different approach to the spatial data integration","volume":"34","author":"Ulubay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2020, August 19). OGC OWS-9 Cross Community Interoperability (CCI) Conflation with Provenance Engineering Report. Available online: https:\/\/portal.opengeospatial.org\/files\/?artifact_id=51818."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12561","article-title":"Optimal spatial data matching for conflation: A network flow-based approach","volume":"23","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.04.003","article-title":"Integration of heterogeneous geospatial data in a federated database","volume":"62","author":"Butenuth","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.H., and Hu, S.W. (2009, January 26\u201327). Spatial Data Integration and Conflicts Resolving Approaches. Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIII.2009.93"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobson, M.W. (2012). VGI as a Compilation Tool for Navigation Map Databases. Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4587-2_17"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-012-0149-4","article-title":"The potential for using volunteered geographic information in pervasive health computing applications","volume":"4","author":"Mooney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2015.1100732","article-title":"A polygon-based approach for matching OpenStreetMap road networks with regional transit authority data","volume":"30","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4031707","article-title":"Dynamically Integrating OSM Data into a Borderland Database","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12210","article-title":"A Method for Matching Crowd-sourced and Authoritative Geospatial Data","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12182","article-title":"Towards an Automated Comparison of OpenStreetMap with Authoritative Road Datasets","volume":"21","author":"Brovelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3849-z","article-title":"An automatic data integration approach to enrich ATKIS with the VGI of outdoor-sports data","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christen, P. (2012). Data Matching\u2014Concepts and Techniques for Record Linkage, Entity Resolution, and Duplicate Detection, Springer. Data-Centric Systems and Applications.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31164-2"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, H., and Rahm, E. (2002, January 20\u201323). COMA: A system for flexible combination of schema matching approaches. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-155860869-6\/50060-3"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Caetano, M., and Painho, M. (2006, January 5\u20137). Matching imperfect spatial data. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boucelma, O., Essid, M., and Lassoued, Y. (2007). A Quality-enabled Spatial Integration System. Spatial Data on the Web, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69878-4_7"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1145\/1188913.1188916","article-title":"Semantic matching across heterogeneous data sources","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2963147","article-title":"A Survey of Measures and Methods for Matching Geospatial Vector Datasets","volume":"49","author":"Xavier","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s007780100057","article-title":"A survey of approaches to automatic schema matching","volume":"10","author":"Rahm","year":"2001","journal-title":"VLDB J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2011.636012","article-title":"Assessing similarity matching for possible integration of feature classifications of geospatial data from official and informal sources","volume":"26","author":"Fairbairn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Guan, J.H., Zhou, S.G., Chen, J.P., Chen, X.L., An, Y., Yu, W., Wang, R., and Liu, X.J. (2003, January 5). Ontology-based GML schema matching for spatial information integration. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, IEEE Cat. No.03EX693, Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shvaiko, P., and Euzenat, J. (2005). A survey of schema-based matching approaches. Journal on Data Semantics IV, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11603412_5"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Du, H. (2015). Matching Disparate Geospatial Datasets and Validating Matches Using Spatial Logic. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Nottingham]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2012.01303.x","article-title":"Geospatial Information Integration for Authoritative and Crowd Sourced Road Vector Data","volume":"16","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2011.253","article-title":"Ontology Matching: State of the Art and Future Challenges","volume":"25","author":"Shvaiko","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sa\u00efs, F., Pernelle, N., and Rousset, M.C. (2009). Combining a Logical and a Numerical Method for Data Reconciliation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00685-2_3"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"197","article-title":"An asynchronous collaborative reconciliation model based on data provenance","volume":"48","author":"Hara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Devogele, T., Trevisan, J., and Raynal, L. (1996, January 12\u201316). Building a multi-scale database with scale-transition relationships. Proceedings of the International symposium on spatial data handling, Delft, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of conflation components","volume":"2","author":"Yuan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.19026\/rjaset.5.4990","article-title":"A study on theory and method of spatial vector data conflation","volume":"5","author":"Dongcai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Volz, S. (2006, January 22\u201324). An Iterative Approach for Matching Multiple Representations of Street Data. Proceedings of the JOINT ISPRS Workshop on Multiple Representations and Interoperability of Spatial Data, Hannover, Germany."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2007.05.002","article-title":"Current map-matching algorithms for transport applications: State-of-the art and future research directions","volume":"15","author":"Quddus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.867495","article-title":"Quality assessment for building footprints data on OpenStreetMap","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalantari, M., and La, V. (2015). Assessing OpenStreetMap as an Open Property Map. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14280-7_13"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1179\/1752270615Y.0000000030","article-title":"A point-based methodology for the automatic positional accuracy assessment of geospatial databases","volume":"48","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Zhang, M. (2009). Methods and implementations of road-network matching. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Munich]."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Chen, H., and Walter, V. (2010, January 26\u201330). Hierarchical quality inspection of spatial data by data integration. Proceedings of the ASPRS 2010 Annual Conference, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2010.04.003","article-title":"A new method for matching objects in two different geospatial datasets based on the geographic context","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Ying, S., Li, L., Gao, Y.R., and Min, Y. (2011, January 3\u20138). Probabilistic matching of map objects in multi-scale space. Proceedings of the 25th International Cartographic Conference, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Beeri, C., Kanza, Y., Safra, E., and Sagiv, Y. (September, January 31). Object fusion in geographic information systems. Proceedings of the 30th VLDB Conference, Toronto, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1559\/152304006779500669","article-title":"A snake-based approach for TIGER road data conflation","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-007-0040-1","article-title":"Matching networks with different levels of detail","volume":"12","author":"Devogele","year":"2008","journal-title":"GeoInformatica"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2014.880327","article-title":"A weighted multi-attribute method for matching user-generated Points of Interest","volume":"41","author":"McKenzie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.03.010","article-title":"Data matching of building polygons at multiple map scales improved by contextual information and relaxation","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.876501","article-title":"A linear road object matching method for conflation based on optimization and logistic regression","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masucci, A.P., and Molinero, C. (2016). Robustness and closeness centrality for self-organized and planned cities. Eur. Phys. J. B, 89.","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2016-60431-2"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2010.08.001","article-title":"Detecting conjugate-point pairs for map alignment between two polygon datasets","volume":"35","author":"Huh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2011.577458","article-title":"An optimisation model for linear feature matching in geographical data conflation","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fusion"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3020750","article-title":"A Quality Study of the OpenStreetMap Dataset for Tehran","volume":"3","author":"Forghani","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2015.1071065","article-title":"Matching authority and VGI road networks using an extended node-based matching algorithm","volume":"18","author":"Abdolmajidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascret, A., Devogele, T., Berre, I.L., and H\u00e9naff, A. (2006). Coastline Matching Process Based on the Discrete Fr\u00e9chet Distance. Progress in Spatial Data Handling, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-35589-8_25"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Driemel, A., Guibas, L.J., Nguyen, A., and Wenk, C. (2011, January 22). Approximate Map Matching with respect to the Fr\u00e9chet Distance. Proceedings of the 2011 Thirteenth Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experiments (ALENEX), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972917.8"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1179\/1752270613Y.0000000044","article-title":"Automatic positional accuracy assessment of geospatial databases using line-based methods","volume":"45","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehra, S.S., Rai, H.S., and Singh, J. (2015). Quality Assessment of Crowdsourced Data against Custom Recorded Map Data. Indian J. Sci. Technol., 8.","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2015\/v8i33\/79884"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2012.667104","article-title":"Ad hoc matching of vectorial road networks","volume":"27","author":"Safra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kieler, B., Huang, W., Haunert, J.H., and Jiang, J. (2009). Matching River Datasets of Different Scales. Advances in GIScience, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00318-9_7"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2013.09.015","article-title":"Assessing public transport systems connectivity based on Google Transit data","volume":"33","author":"Hadas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015113","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2150162","article-title":"Centrality in networks of urban streets","volume":"16","author":"Crucitti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urban Modality","volume":"6","author":"Gil","year":"2016","journal-title":"A+BE | Archit. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810410001658076","article-title":"A feature-based approach to conflation of geospatial sources","volume":"18","author":"Samal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Olteanu, A.M. (2007, January 4\u201310). Matching geographical data using the Theory of Evidence. Proceedings of the CD-Proc. of the XXIII International Cartographic Conference (ICC), Incremental Updating and Versioning of Spatial Data, Moscow, Russia."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810701851453","article-title":"Automated conflation of digital gazetteer data","volume":"22","author":"Hastings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig, I., Voss, A., and Krause-Traudes, M. (2011). A Comparison of the Street Networks of Navteq and OSM in Germany. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19789-5_4"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2012.01304.x","article-title":"Assessing Data Completeness of VGI through an Automated Matching Procedure for Linear Data","volume":"16","author":"Koukoletsos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2012.683486","article-title":"A probabilistic relaxation approach for matching road networks","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"21","article-title":"Knowledge formalization for vector data matching using belief theory","volume":"2015","author":"Ruas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.14778\/2732951.2732962","article-title":"From data fusion to knowledge fusion","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. VLDB Endow."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.C., and Knoblock, C.A. (2008). Conflation of Geospatial Data. Encyclopedia of GIS, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35973-1_182"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1456650.1456651","article-title":"Data fusion","volume":"41","author":"Bleiholder","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704504","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/704504","article-title":"A Review of Data Fusion Techniques","volume":"2013","author":"Castanedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durrant-Whyte, H.F. (1990). Sensor Models and Multisensor Integration. Autonomous Robot Vehicles, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8997-2_7"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2010.11.002","article-title":"Enhanced geographically typed semantic schema matching","volume":"9","author":"Partyka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Web Semant."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giunchiglia, F., Shvaiko, P., and Yatskevich, M. (2005). Semantic Schema Matching. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11575771_23"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nozaki, K., Hochin, T., and Nomiya, H. (2019, January 29\u201331). Semantic Schema Matching for String Attribute with Word Vectors. Proceedings of the 2019 6th International Conference on Computational Science\/Intelligence and Applied Informatics (CSII), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSII.2019.00012"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2015.1084420","article-title":"Spatial data fusion in Spatial Data Infrastructures using Linked Data","volume":"30","author":"Wiemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"261","article-title":"Integration of Authoritative and Volunteered Geographic Information for Updating Urban Mapping: Challenges and Potentials","volume":"43","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3141\/2653-05","article-title":"UrbanAccess: Generalized Methodology for Measuring Regional Accessibility with an Integrated Pedestrian and Transit Network","volume":"2653","author":"Blanchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.05.414","article-title":"Integrating explicit parking search into a transport simulation","volume":"109","author":"Bischoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Chin, V., Jaafar, M., Moy, J., Phong, M., Wang, S., McDonnell, M., and Prawiradinata, I. (2020, July 17). Unlocking Cities: The Impact of Redesharing in Southeast Asia and Beyond. Available online: https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/pt-br\/unlocking-cities-the-impact-of-ridesharing-in-southeast-asia-and-beyond."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/13574809.2012.683398","article-title":"Urban Street Pattern and Pedestrian Traffic Safety","volume":"17","author":"Rifaat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urban Des."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/7\/470\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:28:19Z","timestamp":1760164099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/7\/470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi10070470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10070470","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]}}}