{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:09:04Z","timestamp":1777565344731,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taking into account that accessibility is one of the most strategic and determining factors in economic models and that accessibility and tourism affect each other, we can say that the study and improvement of one of them involved the development of the other. Using network analysis, this study presents an algorithm for labeling the difficulty of the streets of a city using different accessibility parameters. We combine network structure and accessibility factors to explore the association between innovative behavior within the street network, and the relationships with the commercial activity in a city. Finally, we present a case study of the city of Avila, locating the most inaccessible areas of the city using centrality measures and analyzing the effects, in terms of accessibility, on the commerce and services of the city.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10070491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T05:10:59Z","timestamp":1626757859000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A New Methodology to Study Street Accessibility: A Case Study of Avila (Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2307-1760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Curado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Los Jeronimos, Polytechnic School, Catholic University of Murcia, E-30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5499-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocio","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Catholic University of \u00c1vila, Calle Canteros, E-05005 \u00c1vila, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Los Jeronimos, Polytechnic School, Catholic University of Murcia, E-30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Tortosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Campus de San Vicente, University of Alicante, Ap. Correos 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2990-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose F.","family":"Vicent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Campus de San Vicente, University of Alicante, Ap. Correos 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/07352166.2017.1373023","article-title":"\u201cBarcelona in common\u201d: A new urban regime for the 21st-century tourist city?","volume":"40","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urban Aff."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urry, J. (2016). Mobilities: New Perspectives on Transport and Society, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315595733"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clav\u00e9, S.A. (2019). Urban tourism and walkability. The Future of Tourism, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89941-1_10"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(01)00029-9","article-title":"The \u201cvicious circle\u201d of tourism development in heritage cities","volume":"29","author":"Russo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"295","article-title":"Elders\u2019 quality of life. A method to optimize pedestrian accessibility to urban services","volume":"12","author":"Gaglione","year":"2019","journal-title":"TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2615(93)90016-4","article-title":"Accesibility measures of US metropolitan areas","volume":"27","author":"Allen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2016.03.008","article-title":"Accessibility gains and road transport infrastructure in Spain: A productivity approach based on the Malmquist index","volume":"52","author":"Maroto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.5367\/te.2013.0246","article-title":"Economic profitability of accessible tourism for the tourism sector in Spain","volume":"19","author":"Fraiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Echeverr\u00eda, J., Semanjski, I., Van Gheluwe, C., Ochoa, D., IJben, H., and Gautama, S. (2020). Density-Based Spatial Clustering and Ordering Points Approach for Characterizations of Tourist Behaviour. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9110686"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaragoz\u00ed, B., Trilles, S., and Guti\u00e9rrez, A. (2021). Passive Mobile Data for Studying Seasonal Tourism Mobilities: An Application in a Mediterranean Coastal Destination. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10020098"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00e8nech, A., Mohino, I., and Moya-G\u00f3mez, B. (2020). Using Flickr Geotagged Photos to Estimate Visitor Trajectories in World Heritage Cities. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9110646"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036125","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.73.036125","article-title":"Centrality measures in spatial networks of urban streets","volume":"73","author":"Crucitti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1068\/b39108","article-title":"An alternative approach to the calculation and analysis of connectivity in the world city network","volume":"41","author":"Hennemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2021.101305","article-title":"Understanding mobility in Rome by means of a multiplex network with data","volume":"51","author":"Curado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2011.06.009","article-title":"Strategies for predicting local trust based on trust propagation in social networks","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2016.11.008","article-title":"A new measure of identifying influential nodes: Efficiency centrality","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2013.01.017","article-title":"Identifying influential nodes in complex networks with community structure","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/43601","article-title":"Diameter of the world-wide web","volume":"401","author":"Albert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1137\/S003614450342480","article-title":"The structure and function of complex networks","volume":"45","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1419.1","article-title":"Using network centrality measures to manage landscape connectivity","volume":"18","author":"Estrada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(78)90021-7","article-title":"Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification","volume":"1","author":"Freeman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2186","article-title":"An algorithm for ranking the nodes of an urban network based on the concept of PageRank vector","volume":"219","author":"Agryzkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"14","article-title":"New highlights and a new centrality measure based on the Adapted PageRank Algorithm for urban networks","volume":"291","author":"Agryzkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agryzkov, T., Curado, M., Tortosa, L., and Vicent, J.F. (2019). Extending the Adapted PageRank Algorithm Centrality to Multiplex Networks with Data Using the PageRank Two-Layer Approach. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11020284"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102687","article-title":"Urban services, pedestrian networks and behaviors to measure elderly accessibility","volume":"90","author":"Gaglione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1068\/a291175","article-title":"Measuring accessibility: An exploration of issues and alternatives","volume":"29","author":"Handy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ben-Akiva, M. (1979). Disaggregate travel and mobility choice models and measures of accessibility. Behavioural Travel Modelling, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1998.tb00396.x","article-title":"Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: A comparative analysis using a point-based framework","volume":"30","author":"Kwan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.016","article-title":"Measuring accessibility: Positive and normative implementations of various accessibility indicators","volume":"25","author":"Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102680","article-title":"Betweenness-accessibility: Estimating impacts of accessibility on networks","volume":"84","author":"Sarlas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287515569777","article-title":"Building tourism networks through tourist mobility","volume":"55","author":"Asero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ayuntamiento, D.\u00c1. (2008). Gu\u00eda de Recursos Accesibles de la Ciudad de \u00c1vila, Ayuntamiento de \u00c1vila."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, May 29). Oficina Municipal de Accesibilidad (Avila, Spain). Available online: http:\/\/www.avila.es\/articles\/accesibilidad."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"73","article-title":"Turismo accesible, turismo para todos en una ciudad patrimonio de la humanidad: El caso de \u00c1vila","volume":"11","author":"Arcos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Tur. Desenvolv."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2021, May 29). OpenStreetMap. Available online: https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2021, May 29). Overpass Turbo. Available online: https:\/\/overpass-turbo.eu."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021, May 29). Microsoft Bing. Available online: https:\/\/www.bing.com\/maps."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"de la Edificaci\u00f3n, L.d.O., and Parte, I. (2006). C\u00f3digo T\u00e9cnico de la Edificaci\u00f3n."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/7\/491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:32:07Z","timestamp":1760164327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/10\/7\/491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi10070491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi10070491","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]}}}