{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T10:21:53Z","timestamp":1780827713957,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BR\/165\/A3\/PASTECA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR\/165\/A3\/PASTECA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fond nationale de la recherche scientifique \u2013 (FRS-FNRS)","award":["2020\/ 459 V 3\/5\/033-35713214-JG\/MF-6971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/ 459 V 3\/5\/033-35713214-JG\/MF-6971"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multitemporal environmental and urban studies are essential to guide policy making to ultimately improve human wellbeing in the Global South. Land-cover products derived from historical aerial orthomosaics acquired decades ago can provide important evidence to inform long-term studies. To reduce the manual labelling effort by human experts and to scale to large, meaningful regions, we investigate in this study how domain adaptation techniques and deep learning can help to efficiently map land cover in Central Africa. We propose and evaluate a methodology that is based on unsupervised adaptation to reduce the cost of generating reference data for several cities and across different dates. We present the first application of domain adaptation based on fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation of a dataset of historical panchromatic orthomosaics for land-cover generation for two focus cities Goma-Gisenyi and Bukavu. Our experimental evaluation shows that the domain adaptation methods can reach an overall accuracy between 60% and 70% for different regions. If we add a small amount of labelled data from the target domain, too, further performance gains can be achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10080523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:51:07Z","timestamp":1627854667000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation of Historical Panchromatic Orthomosaics in Central Africa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nicholus","family":"Mboga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment & Society, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Av Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"D\u2019Aronco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoVision Lab, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, IGP, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tais","family":"Grippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment & Society, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Av Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4652-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRISA UMR CNRS 6074, Campus de Tohannic, Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Sud, BP 573, 56000 Vannes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Georganos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment & Society, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Av Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6226-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Vanhuysse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment & Society, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Av Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u00e9onore","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment & Society, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Av Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1044-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Smets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4593-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Dewitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2870-4515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moritz","family":"Lennert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Environment & Society, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Av Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Dirk","family":"Wegner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoVision Lab, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, IGP, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grippa, T., Lennert, M., Beaumont, B., Vanhuysse, S., and Stephenne, N. 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