{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T18:06:37Z","timestamp":1763661997030,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["2016YFC1400302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1400302"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61501155","61871164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61501155","61871164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Defense Science and Technology Key Laboratory Fund","award":["6142401200201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142401200201"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQ19E070003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19E070003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicle detection in aerial images is a challenging task. The complexity of the background information and the redundancy of the detection area are the main obstacles that limit the successful operation of vehicle detection based on anchors in very-high-resolution (VHR) remote sensing images. In this paper, an anchor-free target detection method is proposed to solve the problems above. First, a multi-attention feature pyramid network (MA-FPN) was designed to address the influence of noise and background information on vehicle target detection by fusing attention information in the feature pyramid network (FPN) structure. Second, a more precise foveal area (MPFA) is proposed to provide better ground truth for the anchor-free method by determining a more accurate positive sample selection area. The proposed anchor-free model with MA-FPN and MPFA can predict vehicles accurately and quickly in VHR remote sensing images through direct regression and predict the pixels in the feature map. A detailed evaluation based on remote sensing image (RSI) and vehicle detection in aerial imagery (VEDAI) data sets for vehicle detection shows that our detection method performs well, the network is simple, and the detection is fast.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10080549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,15]],"date-time":"2021-08-15T21:43:55Z","timestamp":1629063835000},"page":"549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Vehicle Detection in Very-High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based on an Anchor-Free Detection Model with a More Precise Foveal Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xungen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"Pujiang Microelectronics and Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Jinhua 322200, China"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Men","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaishuai","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"Pujiang Microelectronics and Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Jinhua 322200, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Mian","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2685945","article-title":"AID: A Benchmark Data Set for Performance Evaluation of Aerial Scene Classification","volume":"55","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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