{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:34:02Z","timestamp":1776112442040,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Properties of spatially explicit data are often ignored or inadequately handled in machine learning for spatial domains of application. At the same time, resources that would identify these properties and investigate their influence and methods to handle them in machine learning applications are lagging behind. In this survey of the literature, we seek to identify and discuss spatial properties of data that influence the performance of machine learning. We review some of the best practices in handling such properties in spatial domains and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We recognize two broad strands in this literature. In the first, the properties of spatial data are developed in the spatial observation matrix without amending the substance of the learning algorithm; in the other, spatial data properties are handled in the learning algorithm itself. While the latter have been far less explored, we argue that they offer the most promising prospects for the future of spatial machine learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10090600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T21:45:57Z","timestamp":1631483157000},"page":"600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Machine Learning of Spatial Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7828-9356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behnam","family":"Nikparvar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrastructure and Environmental Systems Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-8123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Thill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"},{"name":"School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.06.034","article-title":"An object-based convolutional neural network (OCNN) for urban land use classification","volume":"216","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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