{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:58:44Z","timestamp":1770839924455,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.41971362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.41971362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["No.2019JJ50718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2019JJ50718"]}]},{"name":"Youth Science Foundation of National University of Defense Technology","award":["No.42101432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.42101432"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the big data era, rapid visualization of large-scale vector data has become a serious challenge in Geographic Information Science (GIS). To fill the gap, we propose HiIndex, a spatial index that enables real-time and interactive visualization of large-scale vector data. HiIndex improves the state of the art with its low memory requirements, fast construction speed, and high visualization efficiency. In HiIndex, we present a tile-quadtree structure (TQ-tree) which divides the global geographic range based on the quadtree recursion method, and each node in the TQ-tree represents a specific and regular spatial range. In this paper, we propose a quick TQ-tree generation algorithm and an efficient visualization algorithm. Experiments show that the HiIndex is simple in structure, fast in construction, and less in memory occupation, and our approach can support interactive and real-time visualization of billion scale vector data with negligible pre-treatment time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10100647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T04:55:33Z","timestamp":1632718533000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["HiIndex: An Efficient Spatial Index for Rapid Visualization of Large-Scale Geographic Vector Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7799-8599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zebang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2665-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Anran","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6096-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingzhi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2004.1255801","article-title":"Geovisualization for knowledge construction and decision support","volume":"24","author":"MacEachren","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. 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