{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:45:59Z","timestamp":1772642759475,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62071279, 41930535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071279, 41930535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SDUST Research Fund","award":["2019TDJH103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TDJH103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Terrain rendering is an important issue in Geographic Information Systems and other fields. During large-scale, real-time terrain rendering, complex terrain structure and an increasing amount of data decrease the smoothness of terrain rendering. Existing rendering methods rarely use the features of terrain to optimize terrain rendering. This paper presents a method to increase rendering performance through precomputing roughness and self-occlusion information making use of GIS-based Digital Terrain Analysis. Our method is based on GPU tessellation. We use quadtrees to manage patches and take surface roughness in Digital Terrain Analysis as a factor of Levels of Detail (LOD) selection. Before rendering, we first regularly partition the terrain scene into view cells. Then, for each cell, we calculate its potential visible patch set (PVPS) using a visibility analysis algorithm. After that, A PVPS Image Pyramid is built, and each LOD level has its corresponding PVPS. The PVPS Image Pyramid is stored on a disk and is read into RAM before rendering. Based on the PVPS Image Pyramid and the viewpoint\u2019s position, invisible terrain areas that are not culled through view frustum culling can be dynamically culled. We use Digital Elevation Model (DEM) elevation data of a square area in Henan Province to verify the effectiveness of this method. The experiments show that this method can increase the frame rate compared with other methods, especially for lower camera flight heights.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10100666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1633085740000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Method of Optimizing Terrain Rendering Using Digital Terrain Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510000, China"},{"name":"South China Sea Information Center of State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Sea Engineering and Survey and Research Institute, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Yuehai Information Service Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(87)90066-2","article-title":"Terrain modelling in surveying and civil engineering","volume":"19","author":"Petrie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumann, K., Doellner, J., Hinrichs, K.H., and Kersting, O. 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